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Before you place the filter disks on the plates, how will you inoculate the plates with bacteria in Exercises 6-7 and 6-8?
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Spread plate technique
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Penicillin is an antibiotic made by
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fungi
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Subculturing
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taking sample from zone of inhibition and trying to grow on a separate plate
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The total elimination of the normal microbiota of the mouth
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is undesireable because they inhibit growth of pathogens
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In exercise 6-9,when you transform bacterial cells with the plasmid expressing the gene coding for ampicillin resistance, you will see growth on ampicillin-containing agar plates after incubation. Furthermore, the cells will flouresce.
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True
Plasmid A
Plasmid A
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A sample of fresh ground beef was inoculated onto EMB agar. Following incubation, colonies with a light yellowish color were seen. This result is an indication there was fecal contamination of this beef.
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False
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Bacteria and fungi that commonly produce antibiotics usually produce the antibiotics during sporulation.
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True
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In Exercise 7-4 you will use a simulated blood-type assay to examine
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aggulation reactions
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The relationship between humans and Eschericia coli is usually considered as mutualistic.
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True
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Why is HCl poured on the DNase test agar plates that you inoculated last period?
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To cause intact DNA to precipitate, so the activity of DNase can be determined.
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Bacteria were inoculated onto blood agar plates to test for the production of hemolysins. Which of the following results would indicate that the bacteria produces hemolysins?
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Greenish discoloration of agar and clearing of agar around colonies.
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You will need to incubate your test wells for 15 minutes twice. Which two of the following describe the conditions under which you will incubate the wells?
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37
Room temp
Room temp
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ELISA stands for
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Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
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In our simulation of an epidemic, what is the "agent" of disease?
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Antibody specific for bovine serum albumin (rabbit anti-BSA antibody).
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In the precipitin test BSA and anti-BSA antibodies were added to a capillary tube. How can you tell that an antibody-antigen interaction had taken place?
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White cloudiness was seen.
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E. coli 363 is susceptible to T4 bacteriophage since ______ appeared on the spread plates of E. coli 363 and T4 bacteriophage.
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plaques
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An organism is inoculated onto a DNase plate. Following incubation, HCl is added and a clearing is seen around the growth of the organism. This indicates that the organism
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Can utilize DNA as an energy source
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Which one of the following describes the appearance of alpha-hemolysis on blood agar?
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Greenish color around colonies
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The relationship between humans and the bacteria that are part of their normal microbiota
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is subject to change
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A prepared slide of a macrophage is observed under the microscope. The macrophage contains many small, dark purple stained spheres. These are likely
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bacteria engulfed by phagocytosis.
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symbiosis
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way different organisms live and interact with one another
can be permanent or transient
specifics defined by conditions and environments
can be permanent or transient
specifics defined by conditions and environments
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commensalistic
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one organism benefits
the other is not benefitted or harmed
the other is not benefitted or harmed
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mutalitsitc
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both benefit
usually begins as commensulism
usually begins as commensulism
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parasitic
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one is harmed and the other is helped
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Benefits are often
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nutrient-based
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e. coli helps with production and uptake of
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vitamin K
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opportunistic infections
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host changes. Stress, supressed immunity. Normal microbiota becomes pathogenic
E. coli in bladder is UTI
E. coli in bladder is UTI
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parasites can also be described as
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pathogens
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legumes and rhizobiums
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bacteria live in nodules of legumes
fix nitrogen
take form of bcteroids inside nodule
fix nitrogen
take form of bcteroids inside nodule
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bacteria parasites
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phages or bacteriophages
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five major stages of lytic phage eplication
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attachment
penetration
biosynthesis of nucleic acids and proteins
maturation
release
penetration
biosynthesis of nucleic acids and proteins
maturation
release
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attachment of phage is
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highly specific
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plaques
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appear when bacterial contents are lysed
only present is phages are infecting
only present is phages are infecting
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calculate concentration of phage
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plaque forming units/ (volume X dilution)
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DNase
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virulence factor
staphylococci, some gram negative bacteria
exozyme that degrades free DNA, doesn't hurt living cells
staphylococci, some gram negative bacteria
exozyme that degrades free DNA, doesn't hurt living cells
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Fibrinogen
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soluble protein found in plasma, fibrin used in clotting
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coagulase
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produced by bacteria, catalyzes cleavage of fibrinogen to fibrin, clot forms around bacteria and host does not recognize it as foreign
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hemolysins
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toxins that effect erythrocytes
virulence factor
virulence factor
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alpha hemolysins
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reduce number of functional red blood cells
result in weakened immune response
result in weakened immune response
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beta hemolysins
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damage other tissues and cells in same area, also hurt phygocytes
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gamma hemolysins
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lack of hemolysin but can break down blood agar plate
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HCl
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added to make intact DNA precipitate
in there is DNase there will be a clear area around streak
in there is DNase there will be a clear area around streak
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Blood agar hemolysin results
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a-hemolysin greenish discoloration
b-hemolysin will cleave everything, there will be a clear area surrounding
gamma hemolysis won't change anything
b-hemolysin will cleave everything, there will be a clear area surrounding
gamma hemolysis won't change anything
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antibodies made up of
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4 polypeptide chains
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Precipitin reaction
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Ag-Ag complexes form soluble antigens. insoluble complexes form and are removed from the body
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Agglutination reaction
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Ag-Ag complexes with insoluble antigens
causes cells to clump, removed by phagocytosis
causes cells to clump, removed by phagocytosis
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complement fixation
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entire complement system. Causes invading organisms to lyse
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Our preciptin test uses
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capillary tube