Politics

Refers to the practice of categorizing an individual or group without considering other options

The process by which a congressional committee chairperson can kill a bill assigned to his/her committee simply by ignoring it/ such as not scheduling it for a hearing or for a markup session

A practice of unlimited debate in the senate in order to prevent or delay a vote on a bill.
to attempt to block a bill from becoming law by speaking at length against it

The closing or limitation of debates in a legislative body especially by calling for a vote.

A procedure for terminating debate, especially filibusters, in the Senate. The procedure for ending a debate and taking a vote. The closing or limitation of debate in a legislative body by calling for a vote.

1. An organizational structure with formal rules , actors, and goals. 2. A complex structure of offices, tasks, and rules, in which employees have specific responsibilities and work with a hierarchy of authority.

PUBLIC BUREAUCRACY is an organization within the executive branch of goverment.


CHECK THIS BOTTOM DEFINITION WITH YOUR NOTES
** a system of government in which most of the important decisions are made by state officials rather than by elected representatives( non-elected government officials . (An organizational structure with formal rules, actors and goals)

Presidential order to the executive branch

a rule or command that has the force of law given by the president ( when making new policies or indicating how an existing policy will be carried out.

International agreement that do not require Senate ratification

A formal agreement between the U.S. president and the leaders of other nations that does not require Senate approval.

Rules and administrative codes issued by government agencies not laws, but have the force of laws.
(UNDER BUREAUCRATIC AUTHORITY)

An agency's ability to decide whether or not to take certain course of action when implementing existing laws.
(UNDER BUREAUCRATIC AUTHORITY)

RULEMAKING AUTHORITY- An agency's ability to make rules that effect how programs operate (UNDER BUREAUCRATIC AUTHORITY)

RULEMAKING The process by which government agencies provide details on how laws will be implemented
(UNDER BUREAUCRATIC AUTHORITY)

The ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE ACT of 1946 : governs the process by which federal agencies develope and isssue regulations 2. The term RULE is used to describe documents published in the Federal Register 3. The term REGULATIONS is the term used to refer to RULES that are conified in the CODE OF FEDERAL REGULATIONS 3.The term REGULATIONS is the term used to refer to RULES that are codified in the Code FEDERAL REGULATIONS 4. The FEDERAL REGISTER is the official journal of the federal government contains government agency, rules proposed rules.

The official journal of the of the federal government; contains government agency rules, and proposed rules.

A publication of the U.S. government that prints executive orders, rules, proposed rules and regulations and the Federal agencies and organizations as well as executive orders and other presidential documents.

For the government to run efficiently and effectively, it makes sense to delegate many of the daily responsibilities associated with federal policies, programs, and regulations to bureaucratic agencies.

Examples: CHECK NOTES TO SEE IF THIS CORRECT
Delegation is generally acceptable. The government to run efficiently and effectively it makes sense to delegate many daily responsibilities associated with federal policies, programs ,and regulations to bureaucratic agencies. The transfer by one of the 3 branches of government(executive, legislative and judicial to another branch or to an independent agency.

The difference between what principals would like their agents to actually do.

The The discrepancy between what citizens ideally would like their agents to do and how the agents actually behave.

PRINCIPLES - The entities that possess decision making authority
AGENTS - make and implement decisions on be behalf of the principle
Most important legal relationship :

A term used to describe the situation in which a regulatory process is captured by those it is supposed to regulate and then turned to their advantage.

The condition where an agency primarily serves the interests of an industry rather than those of elected officials. (A term used to describe the situation in which a regulatory process is caputured by those it is supposed to regulate and then turned to their advantage

A term used to describe the situation in which regulatory process is CAPTURED by those it is supposed to regulate and then turned to their advantage.
HOW IT WORKS

1. Industries put pressure on regulators (bureaucrats) structure regulations to match their goal.
2. Industries are the primary source of information and expertise
3. Over time, bureaucrats come to share the views of the regulated industries.


The act by which an industry being regulated by a government agency gains direct or indirect control over agency personnel and decision makers. The situation in which a regulatory process is (caputured) by those it is supposed to regulate, then it is turned to their advantage.
In politics regulatory capture is a form of corruption of authority that occurs when a political interests of a minor constituency , such as a particular geographic area, industrial,

AGENCY CAPTURE IS VERY HARD TO DETECT

Profession, or ideological group. (Example the ICCi is an example of regulatory capture in which regulators enact rules in favor of the regulated industry. For example in the Transportation Actof 1920, congress allowed the ICCto regulate minimum not just the maximum shipping rate.

Racial separation that is required by law.


segregation that is mandated by law and imposed by the government Example was Jim Crow's law which state and local laws in the United States enacted between 1876and 1965 mandated racial segregation in public facilities in the states of the former Confederacy 1890 a separate but equal statue for African Americans Economic, Educational and Social disadvantages.

Racial segregation in practice, that happens by fact, not law

Segregation that is based on residential patterns and is not imposed by law. Segregation in practice, that happens " by fact not law. Example: The separation of different groups of people based on race, religion, ethnicity, ) NOT BASED ON LAW

States, cities, or counties that must submit proposed voting changes to the US Department of Justice because of their histories of discrimination against minority voters

...

Prior approval by the Justice Department of changes to or new election laws by certain states

mandated by the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the prior approval by the Justice Department of changes to or new election laws by certain States

It takes a simple majority of 51 votes to pass a bill after debate has ended.
But there's a catch : before it can go to a vote, it actually takes 60 to invoke cloture, which allows an additional 30 hours of debate on a bill before a vote is finally taken.
Fillibuster- a practice of unlimited debate in the Senate in order to prevent or delay a vote on a bill.