unit 2.1 - Assignment Essays

unit 2.1

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Posted on

May 24th, 2023

question

commensalism

answer

an association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm.

question

transient microbiota

answer

the microorganisms that are present in an animal for a short time without causing a disease

question

nose microbiota

answer

Staphylococcus

cornebacterium

question

mouth microbiota

answer

Streptococcus

fusobacterium

actinomyces

leptotrichia

vellonella

question

throat microbiota

answer

streptococcus

moratella

cornebacterium

neisseria

question

skin microbiome

answer

staphylococcus

propionibacterium

question

large intestine microbome

answer

bacterosides

esherichia

lactobacillus

streptococcus

candida

question

urethra microbiota

answer

streptococcus

mycobacterium

bacterosides

question

microbiota role

answer

protection against pathogens:

- covering of binding sites

- consumption of available nutrients

- production of compounds toxic to other bacteria

question

microbiota composition

answer

changes in response to physiological variations or physical activities

question

pathogenicity

answer

ability of a microorganism to cause disease

question

virulence

answer

the extent of pathogenicity

question

virulence factors

answer

traits of a microbe that promote pathogenicity

question

infectious dose

answer

the number of microorganisms or viruses sufficient to establish an infection

question

vertical transmission

answer

from parent to child

question

horizontal transmission

answer

disease is spread through a population from one infected individual to another

question

droplet transmission

answer

transmission via airborne droplets less than 1 meter

question

droplet nuclei

answer

dried microscopic residues created when microscopic pellets of mucus and saliva are ejected from the mouth and nose

question

vector

answer

a live animal that transmits an infectious agent from one host to another

question

patterns of pathogenicity

answer

- produce toxins that are ingested

- colonize mucus membrane and produce toxins

- invade host tissue and avoid defenses/produce toxins

question

adherence

answer

adhesions/ligands bind to receptors on host cells

can be on tips of pili, component of capsule or cell wall proteins, highly specific

question

colonization

answer

growth in biofilms

siderophores

avoidance of secretory IgA or IgA protease

compete with normal biota

tolerate toxins

question

methods of invasion

answer

- penetrating mucous membrane

- hiding within a host cell

- avoiding killing by complement system proteins

- preventing encounters with microphages

- surviving within a phagocyte

- avoiding recognition and attachment

question

IgA protease

answer

destroy IgA antibodies

question

antigen variation

answer

changing its appearance by altering surface antigens

question

mimicking host molecules

answer

cover surface with molecules similar to those found in host cell, appear to be "self"

question

direct effect

answer

toxins produced

question

indirect effect

answer

immune response

question

exotoxins

answer

toxic substances that bacteria secrete into their environment

- gram negative and positive

- protein

- potent

- heat inactivated

question

endotoxin

answer

a toxin that is present inside a bacterial cell and is released when the cell disintegrates

- lipid A

- only gram negative

- heat stable

- systemic can be deadly

question

enterotoxins

answer

cause intestinal disturbance

question

cytotoxins

answer

toxins which kill host cells or affect their function

1 of 32

question

commensalism

answer

an association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm.

question

transient microbiota

answer

the microorganisms that are present in an animal for a short time without causing a disease

question

nose microbiota

answer

Staphylococcus

cornebacterium

question

mouth microbiota

answer

Streptococcus

fusobacterium

actinomyces

leptotrichia

vellonella

question

throat microbiota

answer

streptococcus

moratella

cornebacterium

neisseria

question

skin microbiome

answer

staphylococcus

propionibacterium

question

large intestine microbome

answer

bacterosides

esherichia

lactobacillus

streptococcus

candida

question

urethra microbiota

answer

streptococcus

mycobacterium

bacterosides

question

microbiota role

answer

protection against pathogens:

- covering of binding sites

- consumption of available nutrients

- production of compounds toxic to other bacteria

question

microbiota composition

answer

changes in response to physiological variations or physical activities

question

pathogenicity

answer

ability of a microorganism to cause disease

question

virulence

answer

the extent of pathogenicity

question

virulence factors

answer

traits of a microbe that promote pathogenicity

question

infectious dose

answer

the number of microorganisms or viruses sufficient to establish an infection

question

vertical transmission

answer

from parent to child

question

horizontal transmission

answer

disease is spread through a population from one infected individual to another

question

droplet transmission

answer

transmission via airborne droplets less than 1 meter

question

droplet nuclei

answer

dried microscopic residues created when microscopic pellets of mucus and saliva are ejected from the mouth and nose

question

vector

answer

a live animal that transmits an infectious agent from one host to another

question

patterns of pathogenicity

answer

- produce toxins that are ingested

- colonize mucus membrane and produce toxins

- invade host tissue and avoid defenses/produce toxins

question

adherence

answer

adhesions/ligands bind to receptors on host cells

can be on tips of pili, component of capsule or cell wall proteins, highly specific

question

colonization

answer

growth in biofilms

siderophores

avoidance of secretory IgA or IgA protease

compete with normal biota

tolerate toxins

question

methods of invasion

answer

- penetrating mucous membrane

- hiding within a host cell

- avoiding killing by complement system proteins

- preventing encounters with microphages

- surviving within a phagocyte

- avoiding recognition and attachment

question

IgA protease

answer

destroy IgA antibodies

question

antigen variation

answer

changing its appearance by altering surface antigens

question

mimicking host molecules

answer

cover surface with molecules similar to those found in host cell, appear to be "self"

question

direct effect

answer

toxins produced

question

indirect effect

answer

immune response

question

exotoxins

answer

toxic substances that bacteria secrete into their environment

- gram negative and positive

- protein

- potent

- heat inactivated

question

endotoxin

answer

a toxin that is present inside a bacterial cell and is released when the cell disintegrates

- lipid A

- only gram negative

- heat stable

- systemic can be deadly

question

enterotoxins

answer

cause intestinal disturbance

question

cytotoxins

answer

toxins which kill host cells or affect their function

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