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Week Three: Discussion Forum

Week Three: Discussion Forum

Discussion Topic

Top of Form

Last week we did a quick peek to see how organic chemistry is found in the active world around us. 

This week I would like you to step back from chemistry a little and put yourself into the role of a funeral director/embalmer. We are presented with a wide variety of cases but one of them is the arguably one of the most challenging: the decomposition case. 

We will study this a bit more in depth toward the end of this course, but take a moment to research and reflect on how organic chemistry plays a role in the onset (presentation) and continuation of decomposition. 

How you will handle these cases using organic chemistry as your foundation? This may take some research to determine what is involved in the decomposition process. I’m not looking at a deep dive into embalming, just touch the surface of this topic – seeing names of certain compounds or chemicals will help you tie this into our prep rooms. 

Bottom of Form

Week Four: Discussion Forum

Discussion Topic

Top of Form

This discussion is a muddiest point forum. Your goal here is to post something from the course you would like clarification on. Your question needs to have a basis in the material in the course. 

Please do the following tasks: 

Identify, from your studies, one item that you feel isn’t explained well or you can’t seem to determine what something is the way it is. 

Cite this in the your text book – If the book has conflicting information, place both citations and why you feel they are in conflict. 

Paraphrase what 
you think it means. 

Bottom of Form

ALKYL GROUP

–

an alkyl group is formed when a hydrogen atom is removed from an alkane

–

H H

H H

I I

I I

H – C – C – C – C – H

I I I I

H H H H

H H

I I

C – C – H

I I

H H

H H H H

I I I I

H – C – C – C – C – H

I I I

H H H

H – C – H

I

H – C – H
I

H

– the name comes from removing the –ane suffix from the name of an alkane and adding the –yl suffix meaning a side chain

NAMING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemists(IUPAC) has developed a series of prefixes used to show the number of carbon atoms

Meth- one carbon chain

Eth- two carbon chain

Prop- three carbon chain

But- four carbon chain

Pent- five carbon chain

Hex- six carbon chain

Hept- seven carbon chain

Oct- eight carbon chain

Non- nine carbon chain

Dec- ten carbon chain

– they have also made a set of rules for naming organic compounds that we need to be familiar with

1)

I I

– C –

C –

I I

2)

I I I I

– C – C – C – C –

I I I I

_____________________________________________________________________

3)

I I I I

– C – C – C – C –

I I I

– C –

I

4)

I

– C –

I I I I

– C – C – C – C – C –

I I I I

– C –

I

_____________________________________________________________________

5) I

– C –

I I

I I

I I I

– C – C – C – C – C – C – C – C –

I

I I I

I I

– C – – C –

I I

– C –

I

1) 2)

\ /

C ═ C

/ \

\ I I I

C ═ C – C – C –

/ I I

3) 4)

I I I

– C – C ═ C – C –

I I I

I I I I

– C – C ═ C – C –

I

– C C –

I I

_____________________________________________________________________

5) 6)

I

– C –

I I I I

– C – C ═ C – C – C –

I I I I

I

– C –

I I

– C – – C –

\ I I I I

C ═ C – C – C – C – C – C –

/ I I I I

– C –

I

– C –

I

– C –

I

_____________________________________________________________________

1) 2)

– C ≡ C –

I I

– C ≡ C – C – C –

I I

3) 4)

I I

– C – C ≡ C – C –

I I

I

– C –

I I I I

– C – C – C ≡ C – C – C – C –

I I I I

– C –

I

________________________________________________________________________________

5) 6)

I

– C –

I I I I

– C – C – C ≡ C – C – C – C –
I I I I

– C –
I

I

– C –

I

– C –

I I I I I I I

– C – C ≡ C – C – C – C – C – C – C – C –

I I I I I I

– C – – C –

I I

– C – – C –

I I

EXAM # 1

Start working on the list of prefixes and suffixes in the addendum found at the back of the outline

–

learn all of the IUPAC prefixes

– learn the suffixes –ane through –yl for now

DIVISIONS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

The simplest of the organic compounds are the

–

–

– these two elements can combine in a variety of ways to form other classes of organic compounds

A. Cyclic or Aromatic Compounds

– compounds that are bonded together in a ring formation

1

1)

–

– considered a hydrocarbon

C

/ \

C C

OR

I I

C — C

2)

–

– NOT considered a hydrocarbon

– forms a different type of cyclic compound

O

/ \
C C
I I
C — C

B. Acyclic or Aliphatic Compounds

–

– the aliphatic hydrocarbons can then be divided according to the type of bonding present between the carbon atoms

1) Alkanes –

2) Alkenes

–

3) Alkynes –

1) Alkanes

– aliphatic hydrocarbons in which all of the carbon to carbon bonds are single covalent bonds

– prefix alk-

– suffix -ane

– with the presence of all single bonds

–

–

– because they are saturated

–

– because you would have to replace a hydrogen if something else was brought in

– there are two other names for the alkanes as a group

a)

b)

– General Molecular formula or Type Formula for the alkanes:

n = number of carbon atoms

2) Alkenes

–

– prefix alk-

– suffix -ene

– with the presence of a double bond

–

–

– if the double bond was broken

– because of being unsaturated

–

– because you could add something to the compound if the double bond is broken

– Alkenes also have two other names as a group:

a)

b)

– General Molecular formula or Type Formula for the alkenes:

n = number of carbon atoms

3) Alkynes

–

– prefix alk-

– suffix -yne

– with the presence of a triple bond

–

–

– if the triple bond was broken

– because of being unsaturated

– the characteristic type of reaction for the alkynes is by addition

– because you could add something to the compound if the triple bond is broken

– Alkynes also have two other names as a group:

a)

b)

Chemistry II
Lecture Two

IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemists) Prefixes and Suffixes used for Nomenclature (Naming of Compounds):
IUPAC Prefixes Prefixes for number(s) of anything

 Alk- Aliphatic hydrocarbon di- two of whatever follows it
Meth- one carbon chain as in dichloro = 2 chlorines
Eth- two carbon chain tri- three of whatever follows it
Prop- three carbon chain tetra- four of whatever follows it But- four carbon chain penta- five of whatever follows it
Pent- five carbon chain hexa- six of whatever follows it
Hex- six carbon chain hepta- seven of whatever follows it
Hept- seven carbon chain
Oct- eight carbon chain
Non- nine carbon chain
Dec- ten carbon chain

IUPAC Suffixes (Characteristic Name Endings)
 
-ane – Saturated, all single bonds
 
-ene – double bond present
 
-yne – triple bond present
 
-yl – side chain of carbons
 
-ol – alcohol
 
-al – aldehyde
 
-oic – carboxylic acid (organic acid)
 
-one – ketone
 
-ate – ester (sometimes written as -oate)
 
-amine – amine

 

The simplest of the organic compounds are the
 
–
 
–

 
– these two elements can combine in a variety of ways to form other classes of organic compounds
DIVISIONS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

hydrocarbons
compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbons

A. Cyclic Compounds
 
– compounds that are bonded together in a ring formation

1)
 
–
 
– considered a hydrocarbon
 
C
/ \
C C OR
I I
C — C

 
 
 
 
 
 

Carbocyclic compounds
all carbons make up the ring

2)
 
–
 

– NOT considered a hydrocarbon
 
– forms a different type of cyclic compound
 
  O
/ \
C C
I I
C C
 
 

Heterocyclic compounds
compounds with mostly carbons in the ring but with something else present

B. Acyclic or Aliphatic Compounds
 
–
 
 
– the aliphatic hydrocarbons can then be divided according to the type of bonding present between the carbon atoms
 
1) Alkanes –
 
2) Alkenes –
 
3) Alkynes –

organic compounds bonded in an open chain formation
all single bonds between carbons
at least one double bond between carbons
at least one triple bond between carbons

1) Alkanes
 
–
 

– prefix alk-
 
– suffix -ane
 
– with the presence of all single bonds
 
–
–

aliphatic hydrocarbons in which all of the carbon to carbon bonds are single covalent bonds
means aliphatic hydrocarbon
means all single bonds
the alkanes are considered to be saturated
meaning they are holding as many hydrogens as possible

– because they are saturated
 
–
 
– because you would have to replace a hydrogen if something else was brought in
 
– there are two other names for the alkanes as a group
 

A.
 
B.

Paraffin Series
Methane Series
the characteristic type of reaction for the alkanes is by replacement or substitution

2) Alkenes 
–
 

– prefix alk-
 
– suffix -ene

 
– with the presence of a double bond
 
–

aliphatic hydrocarbons in which at least one of the carbon to carbon bonds is a double covalent bond
means aliphatic hydrocarbon
refers to the presence of at least one double bond between carbons
the alkenes are considered to be unsaturated

10

–
 
– if the double bond was broken
 
– because of being unsaturated
 
–

– because you could add something to the compound if the double bond is broken
 
– Alkenes also have two other names as a group:
 
a)
 
b)

meaning they could hold more hydrogens
the characteristic type of reaction for the alkenes is by addition
Olefin Series
Ethene Series

3) Alkynes
–

 – prefix alk-
 
– suffix -yne

 
– with the presence of a triple bond
 
–
 
–

-if the triple bond was broken

aliphatic hydrocarbons in which at least one of the carbon to carbon bonds is a triple covalent bond
means aliphatic hydrocarbon
refers to the presence of at least one triple bond between carbons
the alkynes are considered to be unsaturated
meaning they could hold more hydrogens

– because of being unsaturated
 
– the characteristic type of reaction for the alkynes is by addition

– because you could add something to the compound if the triple bond is broken
 
– Alkynes also have two other names as a group:
 
a)
 
b)

Acetylene Series
Ethyne Series

[removed]

Hydrocarbons and Haloalkanes

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Introduction
Organic compounds are divided into different classes of compounds based on the elements that are present in the functional groups that may be present.
The next slide is a chart I found at Biology Corner to give you an idea of the number of compounds out there.
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Introduction

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Hydrocarbons
The simplest of the organic compounds are a large group of compounds called the hydrocarbons.
A hydrocarbon is an organic compound containing only the elements carbon and hydrogen.

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Hydrocarbons
There are further subdivisions according to how the carbons and hydrogens combine.
Compounds characterized by open chains of carbon to carbon bonds are considered to be acyclic or aliphatic.
Those compounds whose chains of carbons form a ring considered to be cyclic or aromatic.

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Hydrocarbons
The aliphatic hydrocarbons are further subdivided into classes based on the type of bonding that is present between the carbons.

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Alkanes
The alkanes are acyclic hydrocarbons in which all of the carbon to carbon bonds are single covalent bonds (single bonds).
The alkanes are also considered to be saturated hydrocarbons because they will hold no more hydrogens.

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Alkanes
The word ‘alkane’ comes from a prefix and a suffix. The prefix “ALK-“ refers to the Aliphatic hydrocarbon and the suffix ”-ANE” refers to the presence of all single bonds.

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Alkanes
The characteristic type of reaction for the alkanes is substitution or replacement since it would be necessary to replace a hydrogen to combine the molecule with another substance.

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Alkanes
Alkanes have several alternate names:
Paraffin series.
Methane series.
This series gets its name from the very first member of the class, the gas methane.

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Alkanes
All of the members of the alkanes have a molecular formula that may be determined by the general molecular formula of the class: CnH2n+2.
The integer “n” is the number of carbons.

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Alkanes
In determining the general molecular formula, you simply substitute the number of carbons where the “n” is.

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Naming the Alkanes
When naming the alkanes we use the same rules for nomenclature established by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemists (IUPAC).

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Naming the Alkanes
Here are the rules:
First, name the longest chain of carbons.
Then, name the carbon side chain(s) from largest to smallest.
Give addresses for all side chains using smallest numbers.

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Naming the Alkanes
The name is always written from right to left but it is read from left to right.
The carbon chains are always identified by the appropriate prefix for the number of carbons in the chain.
The longest chain would have the suffix”-ANE”.
Carbon sidechains are also called radicals and they are identified by the appropriate prefix followed by the suffix “-YL” which identifies a radical work carbon sidechain.

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IUPAC Prefixes & Suffixes

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Naming Alkanes
Name the alkane of one carbon.

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Naming Alkanes
Name the alkane of two carbons.

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Naming Alkanes
Name the following alkane.

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Naming Alkanes
So working through this step-by-step:
We count the number of carbons in the chain which is six. Looking at the prefixes this gives us “HEX”. In looking at the bonds we see that they are all single bonds which gives us the prefix “ANE”. We now know we are dealing with hexane.

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Naming Alkanes
So working through this step-by-step:
We see a side chain coming off the second carbon. This sidechain consists of one carbon and three hydrogen. Looking at the prefixes we see the prefix ”METH” which means one and the suffix “-YL” which indicates it’s a side chain. We now know this word is methyl.

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Naming Alkanes
So working through this step-by-step:
Now that we have named the main chain and the side chain, we have to indicate where the side chain actually appears. The rule of using smallest numbers comes into play . If you start from the right most side it is five; if you start counting from the left hand side it is two. Since we always use the smallest number, we go with the number ”2”.

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Naming Alkanes
So working through this step-by-step:
This gives us the name “2-methyl hexane”

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Alkenes
The alkenes are aliphatic hydrocarbons in which one of the carbon to carbon bonds is a double bond (double covalent bond).
The alkenes are considered to be unsaturated hydrocarbons because the double bond could be broken allowing for the addition of more hydrogen.
The prefix “ALK-“ once again refers to the aliphatic hydrocarbon but the suffix “-ENE” refers to the presence of at least one double bond between carbons.

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Alkenes
The characteristic type of reaction for the alkenes is by addition since it would be possible to add across the double bond when combining with another substance.

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Alkenes
There are several other names for this series:
Olefin series.
Ethene series.
The ethene series gets its name from the very first member of its class, ethane.

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Alkenes
The general molecular formula of this class is CnH2n.
As with the alkanes, you simply insert the number of carbons for the integer ”n” to produce the molecular formula.

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Naming the Alkenes
As with the alkanes, there are rules for naming the alkenes:
First, find the longest continuous chain of carbons containing the double bond.
Give the address of the double bond by using smallest numbers. You can omit this step if the address cannot be confused.
Number the carbons in the longest chain so that the carbons on either side of the double bond have the smallest addresses.
The address of the carbon next to the bond which has the smallest numbered address is the address of the double bond.
If the double bond is between carbons three and four then the address would be three.
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Naming the Alkenes
Name the carbon sidechain(s) from largest to smallest. Give addresses for all side chains using the addresses for the carbons as determined by the address of the double bond.
The name is always written from right to left but is read from left to right.
Carbon chains are always identified by the appropriate prefix for the number of carbons in the chain. The longest chain would have a number preceding the prefix identifying the address of the double bond and would have the suffix “-ENE” because of the double bond.
Carbon sidechains are also called radicals and they are identified by the appropriate prefix followed by the suffix “-YL” just like in the alkanes.
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Naming the Alkenes
I will not cover naming two or three carbon alkanes as I feel these are fairly self explanatory.

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Naming the Alkenes
With the four carbon alkene, we see there is the potential that the double bond could be located between carbons one and two or carbons two and three.
Don’t over think this: always use the lowest number. If it is between one and two then it is 1-Butene and obviously if it is between two and three it is 2-Butene.

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Naming the Alkenes
Now let’s try naming the big alkene:

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Naming the Alkenes
Follow the rules, first count the total number of carbons in the longest chain. The chain has six carbons and the prefix for six is hex. We know that we are dealing with hexene.

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Naming the Alkenes
Next we determine the double bond, and it is either between carbons four and five or two and three. We always use the lowest numbers so it would be between two and three. Using the smallest number we get the number two. At this point we know we have 2-hexene.

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Naming the Alkenes
Now we have to determine the side chain. This is the same as the last example so we know that we are dealing with one carbon which gives us methyl.

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Naming the Alkenes
Now comes the fun part, we have to count from the same side where we have the double bond. In this case it is on the fifth carbon from the right. This gives us the number 5.
Do not fall into the trap of starting from the closest end. Always start from whichever end the covalent bond starts.

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Naming the Alkenes
The formal name is 5-methyl 2-hexene.

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Alkynes
The alkynes are aliphatic hydrocarbons in which one of the carbon to carbon bonds is a triple bond (triple covalent bond). The alkynes are considered to be unsaturated hydrocarbons because the triple bond could be broken allowing for the addition of more hydrogens.

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Alkynes
By now you should know what the prefix “ALK” stands for. The suffix “-YNE” refers to the presence of at least one triple bond between the carbons.

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Alkynes
The characteristic type of reaction for the alkynes is addition since it would be possible to add across the triple bond when combining with another substance.
Just like the other classes, this one has several alternate names:
Acetylene Series.
Ethyne Series.

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Alkynes
All the members of the alkynes have a molecular formula that may be determined by the general molecular formula of the class: CnH2n-2.

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Naming Alkynes
Naming this class follows very similar rules to that of the alkenes. I will not cover them in detail during the lecture. As with any of the classes we have discussed so far, pay particular attention to the suffixes. –ENE, -ANE, -YNE all mean different things and this is where you will get into trouble if you are not careful.

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Aromatic Hydrocarbons
The aromatic hydrocarbons are those organic compounds which are comprised of only the elements carbon and hydrogen arranged so that at least some of the carbons are linked together to form a ring.
Sometimes they are called cyclic or closed chain.
The carbocyclic hydrocarbons are those with only carbon in their rings.

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Cycloalkanes
The cycloalkanes are also known as cyclanes.
They are carbocyclic hydrocarbons similar to the alkanes, except for the fact they form rings instead of open chains.

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Cycloalkanes
All of the members of the cyclanes have a molecular formula that may be determined by the general molecular formula of the class: CnH2n

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Cycloalkanes
The smallest of the cycloalkanes is cyclopropane. It is a three carbon ring with two hydrogens attached at each carbon and single bonds between all carbons.

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Cycloalkanes
The prefix “cyclo-“ refers to the ring structure, the prefix “prop-“ Refers to the three carbons in the chain, and the suffix “-ane” refers to the single bonds joining them.

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Cycloalkanes
Cyclobutane would be the next member. It is a ring of four carbons with two hydrogens at each carbon and single bonds between all carbons

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Cycloalkenes
The cycloalkenes are carbocyclic hydrocarbons similar to the alkenes in that they have at least one double bond between two of the carbons and are different because they form a ring instead of a chain.
The most prominent member of this group is the compound benzene.

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Cycloalkenes
Benzene is a ring of six carbons with what appears to be alternating double bonds between the carbons in a single hydrogen attached to each carbon.

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Cycloalkenes
Benzene has the molecular formula C6H6.
Benzene’s structural formula appears to be simply a ring of carbons with the alternating double bonds. The problem is that in reality it does not actually happen this way.

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Cycloalkenes
What actually happens is that the alternating double bonds are resonating between all of the carbons. This bouncing back and forth of the double bonds is created by an interesting physical property of the valence electrons called resonance.

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Cycloalkenes
Due to the resonance that occurs in benzene and its family of compounds the type of reactions they undergo is not what one expects from an unsaturated compound.

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Cycloalkenes
Benzene and the majority of the aromatic compounds react not by addition as noted with the aliphatic unsaturated compounds but instead by the replacement or substitution of the hydrogen(s).

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Alkyl Halides
The Alkyl halides or haloalkanes appear as an alkane that has had one or more of its hydrogens replaced by a member of the halogen family found in group 7 of the periodic table.

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Alkyl Halides
As a group this class of organic compounds has the general formula R-X.
The term “R” refers to the alkyl group and the “X” stands for the halogen.

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Alkyl Halides
The rules for naming this class of compounds is similar to naming the alkanes in that the halogen is treated as the smallest sidechain and should be addressed if its position could be confused.

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Alkyl Halides
The simplest of the alkyl halides would include the compound chloromethane (methyl chloride).

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Alkyl Halides
The continued replacement of the hydrogens in methyl chloride by chlorination would eventually yield methyl trichloride (trichloro methane).

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Alkyl Halides
When the final hydrogen is replaced with chloride the result would be methyl tetrachloride (tetrachloromethane). This is commonly referred to as carbon tetrachloride or carbon tet.

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Alkyl Halides
Carbon tetrachloride is a very good organic solvent and is nonflammable so it was also using fire extinguishers at one time.
Unfortunately, its vapors are very toxic and can cause death.

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References:
The following Textbook References were used to create this presentation:
Funeral Service Chemistry by Professional Trade Schools
Embalming: Theory, History, and Practice by Robert G. Mayer (5th Edition).
Charts were taken from the textbook unless otherwise indicated
 
Pictures and art used in this presentation have the reference and location stored in the graphic. Please hover the mouse over the image to find where it was obtained.
 

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