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Your outline for your research paper is due by the end of this week. Please provide a complete outline of your paper covering all the information requested in the grading rubric. I am also asking you to include a bibliography of sources you have used so far, so I can make sure you are using APA formatting correctly. Please reach out if you have any questions.

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TOPIC IS ASHTMA

Diseases of the Digestive System

Area of Digestive System

Disease

Defined

Characteristics

Notes

Mouth and Associated Parts

Stomatitis

Inflammation of the mouth

Causes may be pathogenic organisms, mechanical trauma, irritants ie. Alcohol, tobacco, hot foods.

Glossitis

Inflammation of the tongue

Often associated with stomatitis

Gingivitis

Inflammation of the gingiva or gums

Usually caused by the long term effects of plaque buildup on the surface of the teeth

Also may be associated with generalized stomatitis.
Can occur with deficiency diseases such as scurvy or metallic poisoning. Scurvy is the condition associated with the lack of Vitamin C.

Cheilitis

Inflammation of the lips

Common Organisms that cause inflammation of the oral cavity include:

Candida albicans

The fungus that causes thrush

Herpes simplex I

The virus that causes cold sores or fever blisters

Treponema pallidum

The bacterium that causes syphilis (forms mucous patches in the mouth)

Pharynx

Pharyngitis

Inflammation of the throat

May be a primary infection such as strep throat or diphtheria

May be a complication of other infections such as rhinitis, sinusitis or influenza

Esophagus

Esophagitis

Inflammation of the esophagus

Often caused by regurgitation of stomach acid through the cardiac sphincter (Acid Reflux)

Stenosis or stricture of the esophagus is also a common condition (due to serious infections or chemical irritations that cause the formation of scar tissue or tumors inside or out).

Stomach

Gastritis

Inflammation of the stomach

May result from pernicious anemia, bacterial or viral infection, excessive indulgence in alcoholic beverages, dietary indiscretions or too much aspirin

Peptic Ulcer

Ulcers that occur in the mucous membranes of the stomach or duodenum. Caused by hyperacidity of the gastric juices

This hyperacidity is caused by the presence of the bacterium

Helicobacter pylori

Complication
Perforation

Refers to an ulcer that eats through the stomach wall and allows the contents to reach the abdominal cavity causing a severe infection known as peritonitis

Complication
Pyloric stenosis

Occurs in the area of the pyloric valve. Stenosis of the valve between the stomach and small intestine. Caused by the formation of scar tissue from chronic ulcers

This is also a common condition of infants that occurs idiopathically.

Diseases of the Digestive System

Area of Digestive System

Disease

Defined

Characteristics

Notes

Small Intestine

Enteritis

Inflammation of the intestines

Caused by a number of organisms some of which are normal flora. These organisms are often obtained from contaminated food or water.

Symptoms may include: abdominal pain, cramping, diarrhea, fever and dehydration

Crohn’s Disease

An idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease that may lead to blockage of the intestine by swelling and scar tissue formation

Hernia

A condition in which a segment of intestine protrudes through the abdominal wall.

The major concern with hernias is that the intestine may become obstructed blocking the passage of its contents. Or the blood supply could be pinched off resulting in necrosis.

Types of Hernias

Inguinal Hernia

A hernia in which a segment of small intestine protrudes through the inguinal ring

This loop may protrude down into the scrotum of the male or the labia majora of the female.

Femoral Hernia

A hernia in which a segment of the small intestine protrudes through the femoral ring

This loop may protrude into the soft tissues adjacent to the femoral vessels in the area of the groin. Most commonly seen in women

Umbilical Hernia

A hernia at the navel in which a segment of small intestine of an infant protrudes through an imperfect closure of the umbilicus following birth

Diaphragmatic Hernia

A hernia in which a segment of an organ protrudes through one of the orifices of the diaphragm

A special type of this is the Hiatal hernia. A hernia in which a portion of the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm.

Diseases of the Digestive System

Area of Digestive System

Disease

Defined

Characteristics

Notes

Colon and Rectum

Colitis

Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the colon

Common causes seem to be stress and certain foods and beverages

Most frequently seen gastrointestinal disease

Ulcerative Colitis

Indopathic inflammatory bowel disease that causes ulcers in the lining of the lower colon and rectum

Causes diarrhea, the ulcers bleed and produce pus

25 to 40% of patients must eventually have their colons removed because of massive bleeding, severe illness, rupture of the colon or risk of cancer.

Diverticulosis

The condition of having a sac or pouch-like structure in the wall of the large intestine – These structures are diverticula

Diverticulitis – Inflammation of the diverticula. Occurs when the diverticula become impacted with fecal material and bacteria.

Symptoms include chronic constipation, mucus in the stool and severe abdominal pain.

Obstructions

1. Paralysis – a decrease in peristalsis in a section of the large intestine caused by a lack of nerve or blood supply

Is a condition called ileus atony where a portion of the ileum is not moving.

2. Volvulus – a twisting of a loop of intestine

Causes the nerve or blood supply to be cut-off leading to paralysis

3. Intussusception — A slipping or telescoping of one segment of intestine into another

Due to increased peristalsis by one section or paralysis of the other

4. Adhesions – Scar tissue formed on loops of the bowel adhere the loops together preventing the normal process of peristalsis

Proctitis

Inflammation of the rectum and anus

Hemorrhoids (Piles)

Varicose veins of the rectum or anus

Two Kinds: INTERNAL and EXTERNAL: Determined by how close they are to the anorectal line

Appendicitis

Inflammation of the Appendix

If untreated, an inflamed appendix may burst and cause peritonitis

Polyps

Very common benign tumor-like growths.

Diseases of the Digestive System

Area of Digestive System

Disease

Defined

Characteristics

Notes

Liver

Infiltration and Degeneration
See Capstone Lecture Two

Hepatitis

Inflammation of the liver

Two Types
1. Toxic – Caused by exposure to certain poisons. Ie. drugs

2. Viral – Caused by several viral agents (Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C)

Hepatitis A (Infectious Hepatitis)

Spread directly from person to person by the fecal oral route. Usually due to poor sanitation methods. Not as serious as other forms.

Hepatitis B (Serum Hepatitis)

Transmitted through contaminated body fluids. Occupational hazard for those who work with blood or blood products. More serious than A, and may result in permanent liver damage.

Hepatitis C (Non-A Non-B Hepatitis)

Transmitted through contaminated body fluids. Most serious due to the lack of a vaccine.

Jaundice

A yellowish staining of the integuments, deeper tissues and the excretions with bile pigments

A symptom of liver disruptions. Causes a yellowness of the skin, whites of the eyes, mucous membranes, and body fluids due to the presence in the blood of the bile pigment bilirubin.

Cirrhosis

Degenerative changes in liver parenchyma cells with the formation of dense connective tissue, fatty infiltration and scarring.

Results in loss of functioning liver cells and an increase resistance to the flow of blood through the liver.

Seen in chronic liver disease. Can be caused by chronic alcoholism, damage by other toxins or drugs, or previous infections.

POSTMORTEM CONDITIONS

Jaundice

Ascites

Edema

Hemorrhage

Hemorrhaging is from a ruptured esophageal varix. Occurs because of the blockage of the portal vein. This blockage could also lead to ammonia toxicity in the body.

Diseases of the Digestive System

Area of Digestive System

Disease

Defined

Characteristics

Notes

Gallbladder and Bile Ducts

Cholecystitis

Inflammation of the gallbladder

May be acute or chronic
ACUTE: form is usually a result of the irritation caused by gallstones
CHRONIC: is important in the production of gallstones

Cholelithiasis

Formation or presence of calculi or bilestones in the gallbladder or common duct.

Most commonly composed of cholesterol, but mixed stones are common as well

Stones may block the passageway for bile and cause a backup leading to cholecystitis

Cholangitis

Inflammation of the bile ducts

Caused by obstruction of a duct by gallstones infected with bacteria.

Pancreas

Pancreatitis

Inflammation of the pancreas

ACUTE: form is characterized by necrosis, suppuration, gangrene, and hemorrhage
CHRONIC: leads to the formation of scar tissue associated with malfunction. Usually a consequence of alcoholism (chronic) or gallstone blockages (acute)

Peritoneum

Peritonitis

Inflammation of the membrane that lines the wall of the abdomen and covers the abdominal organs

Usually due to a bacterial infection caused by perforation of an ulcer or intestine

Postmortem Conditions of Digestive System Disorders

Ascites
Dehydration
Rapid decomposition
Febrile lesion
Emaciation
Rapid coagulation of blood
Jaundice
Edema
Hemorrhage
Purge
Abdominal distention

Diseases of the Respiratory System

Area Affected

Disease

Definition

Characteristics

Notes

Upper Respiratory Tract

Acute Inflammation

Rhinitis

Inflammation of the nasal mucosa

Part of having a cold

Sinusitis

Inflammation of the sinuses

Due to a variety of allergic, viral and bacterial causes

Pharyngitis

Inflammation of the pharynx (throat)

Laryngitis

Inflammation of the larynx (voice Box)

Coryza

Acute viral infection of the upper respiratory tract (Common Cold)

Characterized by: Nasal congestion, runny nose, runny eyes, mild sore throat and headache.

Influenza

A common upper respiratory viral infection (Flu)

Characterized by: fever, chills, sore throat, possible vomiting, headache, cough, muscle pain.

Hay fever

A form of allergy as a result of hyper sensitivity to various grass and tree pollens.

A common upper respiratory problem characterized by watery and itchy eyes, a runny nose, and sneezing and coughing.

It is an antigen-antibody reaction that causes the release of histamine. Histamine causes the dilation of surrounding capillaries that leak or secrete excess plasma into the tissues. This is what causes the congestion and runny nose.

Nasal Polyps

Inflammatory growths with a stem or a pedicle.

The most common tumor-like growth to the nose.

Trachea and Bronchi

Tracheitis

Inflammation of the Trachea (wind pipe)

Bronchitis

Inflammation of the Bronchi

Characterized by fever, chest pain, difficulty breathing and a chronic cough.

Caused by the person trying to clear excess mucous from the lining of the respiratory passageways.

Bronchiolitis

Inflammation of the smaller bronchi and bronchioles.

Bronchial Asthma

An allergic response characterized by a hypersecretion of mucus and spasms of the bronchial muscles.

Besides spasming, the excess mucous narrows the lumen of the air passageway.

Diseases of the Respiratory System

Area Affected

Disease

Definition

Characteristics

Notes

Lungs

Pneumonia

Inflammation of the lungs due to infection with bacteria, viruses or other pathogenic organisms – Causes the buildup of inflammatory exudates in the alveoli – if the lungs are inflamed due to other agents that are not infectious, the term pneumonitis is used

Lobar Pneumonia

Inflammation localized in one or two loves of the lung. — The affected lobe(s) is usually full of thick, fibrinous exudate making exchange of respiratory gasses impossible.

Streptococcus pneumoniae causes the majority of cases – Responds well to antibiotic treatment and therefore is usually an acute disease

Bronchial pneumonia or
Bronchopneumonia

Inflammation of the bronchi and terminal bronchioles that can spread into the lungs. More scattered throughout the bronchi and lungs as spotty patches than lobar pneumonia.

— It is most commonly a secondary disease
— Seen in complication of: whooping cough, measles, influenza, chronic bronchitis, cancer, aids.
— Also a common nosocomial infection

Viral Pneumonia

Caused by a variety of viruses

Associated Conditions

Pleuritis (Pleurisy)

Membranes surrounding the lungs

Often accompanies lobar pneumonia.

Pleural Effusion (Hydrothorax)

Fluid in the plural cavity – AKA hydrothorax

Accompanies circulatory disorders.

Empyema (Pyothorax)

Pus in the pleural cavity

Accompanies many infectious diseases.

Hemothrorax

Blood in the pleural cavity – may accompany wounds, infections, or tumors.

May accompany wounds, infections, or tumors.

Pneumothorax

Air in the pleural cavity

The result of a penetrating wound form outside the body or form the rupture of an alveoli in disease like tuberculosis and emphysema.

Anoxia

Deficient blood oxygen supply to tissues.

Postmortem Conditions of Pneumonia

1) rapid coagulation of blood
2) Cyanosis (bluish color of mucous membranes resulting from lack of oxygen)
3) Dehydration
4) Edema

Diseases of the Respiratory System

Area Affected

Disease

Definition

Characteristics

Notes

Lungs

Tuberculosis

A. Cause:
Mycobacterium tuberculosis

B. Lesion : Tubercle or Ghon’s lesion – has a granulomatous characteristic with gross visible necrosis forming a cheesy, crumbly, caseous mass.

Known as caseation necrosis – tubercle contents may become liquefied and resemble pus but without all the cardinal signs of inflammation — This is the formation of a Cold Abscess

Tubercles may also erode the wall of a bronchus leaving an empty cavity – This is the process of Cavitation

C. Sputum is grayish yellow or white

D. Forms of Tuberculosis

Pulmonary

Involving the lungs. The most common form.

Miliary

Generalized tuberculosis with minte tubercules in the affected part. The name comes from the fact that the lesions look kike millet seeds (a type of grain)

The moste affected organs are: Brain, Kidneys, Intestines, Bones and Skin.

Postmortem Conditions of Tuberculosis

1) Cavitation
2) Hemorrhage
3) Dehydration
4) Emaciation
5) Cold abscess
6) Caseation necrosis

Pneumoconiosis

Specific Types

a. Anthracosis – Inhalation of carbon particles (hazard to coal miners)

b. Silicosis – inhalation of silica (stone dust) hazard to miners and rock workers.

c. Asbestosis – inhalation of asbestos dust.

Atelectasis

state of collapse of the lungs in which the air sacs are completely airless

May be caused by: a complete obstruction of a bronchus or an accumulation of fluid or air in the pleural cavity that presses against the lung.

Diseases of the Respiratory System

Area Affected

Disease

Definition

Characteristics

Notes

Lungs

Emphysema

a chronic deterioration and destruction of lung tissue

1. Causes an incomplete or partial bronchial obstruction with the presence of excess mucous and tissue irritation.
2. Characterized by the lungs being supercharged with air that is high in carbon dioxide content
3. The difficulty is in moving the air out because of the increased resistance to the flow of air in the lungs.
4. The alveolar walls eventually break down and join the air sacs together into much larger, functionless sacs called bullae.
5. These will also rupture eventually leaving the person with no way to exchange respiratory gases.

COPD

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

A combination of two or more conditions in which the exchange of respiratory gases is ineffective

These included, but are not limited to, emphysema, bronchial asthma, and chronic bronchitis.

Cystic Fibrosis

a disease of the pancreas that is characterized by chronic respiratory infections

1. Most often Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus.
2. The name comes from the presence of fibrous tissue in the pancreas that is left behind following the formation of a fluid-filled cyst
3. The infections are caused by the presence of a thick, sticky mucous that is secreted from the respiratory epithelium

4. The bacteria then start to grow and multiply causing the infections
5. This also happens to the mucous of the pancreatic duct so that the digestive enzymes are not secreted appropriately leading to food not being digested.
6. Most of the deaths from this disease are attributed to the obstruction of air flow to the lungs by the mucous.

Carcinoma of the Lung

The number one cause of death of male cancer patients

XI. DISEASES

OF THE

DIGESTIVE

SYSTEM

A. Mouth and Associated Parts
– inflammation of the mouth
1. Stomatitis
– causes may be pathogenic organisms, mechanical trauma, irritants ie. alcohol, tobacco, hot foods

2. Glossitis
– inflammation of the tongue
– often associated with stomatitis

3. Gingivitis
– inflammation of the gingiva or gums
– may also be associated with generalized stomatitis
– usually caused by the long term effects of plaque buildup on the surface of the teeth
– can occur with deficiency diseases such as scurvy or metallic poisoning

4. Cheilitis
– inflammation of the lips

Common organisms that cause inflammation of the oral cavity include:
– Candida albicans
– the fungus that causes thrush

– Herpes simplex I
– the virus that causes cold sores or fever blisters

– Treponema pallidum
– the bacterium that causes syphilis

B. Pharynx
– inflammation of the throat
– Pharyngitis
– may be a primary infection such as strep throat or diphtheria
– or may be a complication of other infections such as rhinitis, sinusitis or influenza

C. Esophagus
– Esophagitis
– inflammation of the esophagus
– often caused by regurgitation of stomach acid through the cardiac sphincter

C. Esophagus
– Esophagitis
– inflammation of the esophagus
– often caused by regurgitation of stomach acid through the cardiac sphincter
– stenosis or stricture of the esophagus is also a common condition

D. Stomach
1. Gastritis
– inflammation of the stomach
– may result from pernicious anemia, bacterial or viral infection, excessive indulgence in alcoholic beverages, dietary indiscretions or too much aspirin

2. Peptic Ulcer
– ulcers that occur in the mucous membranes of the stomach or duodenum
– caused by hyperacidity of the gastric juices

2. Peptic Ulcer
– ulcers that occur in the mucous membranes of the stomach or duodenum
– caused by hyperacidity of the gastric juices
– this hyperacidity is caused by the presence of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori

– A complication of peptic ulcers is
– perforation
– this refers to an ulcer that eats through the stomach wall and allows the contents to reach the abdominal cavity causing a severe infection known as
– peritonitis

Endoscopy showing perforated ulcer

– another complication of peptic ulcers that occur in the area of the pyloric valve is
– this refers to stenosis of the pyloric valve between the stomach and small intestine
– pyloric stenosis
– caused by the formation of scar tissue from chronic ulcers

E. Small Intestine
– inflammation of the intestines
1. Enteritis
– caused by a number of organisms, some of which are normal flora

– these organisms are often obtained from
– contaminated food or water
– symptoms may include:
– abdominal pain, cramping, diarrhea, fever and dehydration

2. Crohn’s Disease
– an idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease that may lead to blockage of the intestine by swelling and scar tissue formation

3. Hernia
– a condition in which a segment of intestine protrudes through the abdominal wall
– the major concern with hernias is that the intestine may become obstructed, blocking the passage of its contents
– or the blood supply could be pinched off resulting in necrosis

Types of Hernias
a. Inguinal Hernia
– a hernia in which a segment of small intestine protrudes through the inguinal ring
– this loop may protrude down into the scrotum of the male or the labia majora of the female

Types of Hernias
b. Femoral Hernia
– a hernia in which a segment of small intestine protrudes through the femoral ring
– this loop may protrude into the soft tissues adjacent to the femoral vessels in the area of the groin
– most commonly seen in women

c. Umbilical Hernia
– a hernia at the navel in which a segment of small intestine of an infant protrudes through an imperfect closure of the umbilicus following birth
Types of Hernias

d. Diaphragmatic Hernia
– a hernia in which a segment of an organ protrudes through one of the orifices of the diaphragm
Types of Hernias

d. Diaphragmatic Hernia
– a hernia in which a segment of an organ protrudes through one of the orifices of the diaphragm
Hiatal hernia
Types of Hernias
– a hernia in which a portion of the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm
– a special type of this is the

Repair of an inguinal hernia:

F. Colon and Rectum
– inflammation of the mucous membrane of the colon
– the most frequently seen gastro-intestinal disease
1. Colitis
– the most common causes seem to be stress and certain foods and beverages

2. Ulcerative Colitis
– another idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease that causes ulcers in the lining of the lower colon and rectum
– causes diarrhea, the ulcers bleed and produce pus
– 25 to 40% of patients must eventually have their colons removed because of massive bleeding, severe illness, rupture of the colon or risk of cancer

3. Diverticulosis
– the condition of having a sac or pouch-like structure in the wall of the large intestine
– these are called
diverticula

– Diverticulitis
– inflammation of the diverticula
– occurs when the diverticula become impacted with fecal material and bacteria
– symptoms include chronic constipation, mucus in the stool and severe abdominal pain

4. Obstructions:
– a decrease in peristalsis in a section of the large intestine caused by a lack of nerve or blood supply
a. Paralysis

b. Volvulus
– a twisting of a loop of intestine

c. Intussusception
– a slipping or telescoping of one segment of intestine into another

d. Adhesions
– scar tissue formed on loops of the bowel adhere the loops together preventing the normal process of peristalsis

5. Proctitis
– inflammation of the rectum and anus

6. Hemorrhoids
– varicose veins of the rectum or anus
Piles
– determined by how close they are to the anorectal line
– internal and external
-Two kinds
– also known as

If you are squeamish, you might want to look away for the next 2 pictures

7. Appendicitis
– inflammation of the appendix
– if untreated, an inflamed appendix may burst and cause peritonitis

8. Polyps
– very common benign tumor-like growths

G. Liver
– inflammation of the liver
Infiltration and Degeneration
2. Hepatitis
a. Two types:
– review your Pathology I notes on fatty infiltration, fatty degeneration, and fatty change

– caused by exposure to certain poisons. ie. drugs
1) Toxic Hepatitis

2) Viral
caused by several viral agents

– three known as:

– spread directly from person to person by the fecal oral route
a) Hepatitis A
– also known as infectious hepatitis
– usually due to poor sanitation methods
– not as serious as other forms

b) Hepatitis B
– also known as serum hepatitis
– transmitted through contaminated body fluids
– may result in chronic hepatitis and permanent liver damage
– represents an occupational hazard to people who work with blood and blood products
– more serious than hepatitis A

c) Hepatitis C
– even more serious because there is not yet a vaccine available
– also known as
Non-A Non-B hepatitis
– also transmitted through contaminated body fluids

b. Jaundice
– a symptom of liver disruptions
– a yellowish staining of the integuments, deeper tissues and the excretions with bile pigments
– causes a yellowness of the skin, whites of the eyes, mucous membranes, and body fluids due to the deposition of the bile pigment bilirubin

3. Cirrhosis
– degenerative changes in liver parenchyma cells with the formation of dense connective tissue, fatty infiltration, and scarring
– results in the loss of functioning liver cells and an increased resistance to the flow of blood through the liver

– seen in the end stage of chronic liver disease
– can be caused by chronic alcoholism and damage by other toxins or drugs, or previous infections

Toxic hepatitis cirrhosis
Cirrhosis from chronic alcoholism

– Postmortem Conditions:
a. b.
c. d.
Jaundice
Ascites
Edema
Hemorrhage
– hemorrhaging is from a ruptured esophageal varix
– occurs because of the blockage of the portal vein
– this blockage could also lead to ammonia toxicity in the body

H. Gallbladder and Bile Ducts

H. Gallbladder and Bile Ducts
– inflammation of the gallbladder
– may be acute or chronic
– acute form is usually a result of the irritation caused by gallstones
1. Cholecystitis

H. Gallbladder and Bile Ducts
– inflammation of the gallbladder
– may be acute or chronic
– acute form is usually a result of the irritation caused by gallstones
– chronic form is important in the production of gallstones
1. Cholecystitis

2. Cholelithiasis
– the formation or presence of calculi or bilestones in the gallbladder or common duct
– most commonly composed of cholesterol, but mixed stones are common as well
– gallstones may block the passageway for bile and cause a backup leading to cholecystitis

3. Cholangitis
– inflammation of the bile ducts
– caused by the obstruction of a duct by gallstones infected with bacteria

I. Pancreas

I. Pancreas
– inflammation of the pancreas
– usually a consequence of alcoholism (chronic) or gallstone blockages(acute)
– Pancreatitis
– acute form is characterized by necrosis, suppuration, gangrene, and hemorrhage
– chronic form leads to the formation of scar tissue associated with malfunction

J. Peritoneum
– inflammation of the membrane that lines the wall of the abdomen and covers the abdominal organs
– Peritonitis
– usually due to a bacterial infection caused by perforation of an ulcer or intestine

K. Postmortem Conditions of Digestive System Disorders
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.
7.

8.

9.

10.

11.
Ascites
Dehydration
Rapid decomposition
Febrile lesions
Emaciation
Rapid coagulation of blood
Jaundice
Edema
Hemorrhage
Purge
Abdominal
Distention

XII. DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

A. Upper Respiratory Tract
1. Acute Inflammation
– inflammation of the nasal mucosa
a. Rhinitis
– part of having a cold

– inflammation of the sinuses
b. Sinusitis
– due to a variety of allergic, viral and bacterial causes

c. Pharyngitis
– inflammation of the pharynx
d. Laryngitis
– inflammation of the larynx
– commonly called the throat
– commonly called the voice box

e. Coryza
– commonly known as the common cold
– nasal congestion
– runny nose
– runny eyes
– mild sore throat
– headache

– an acute viral infection of the upper respiratory tract
– characterized by:

– a common upper respiratory viral infection
– characterized by:
–
–
–
–
–
–

2. Influenza
– a common upper respiratory viral infection
– usually called the flu
fever
chills
sore throat
headache
cough
muscle pain
– characterized by:
–
–
–
–
–
–
– possible vomiting

3. Hay fever
– a form of allergy as a result of hypersensitivity to various grass and tree pollens
– a common upper respiratory problem characterized by watery and itchy eyes, a runny nose, and sneezing and coughing

4. Nasal Polyps
– the most common tumor-like growth to the nose
– inflammatory growths with a stem or a pedicle

B. Trachea and Bronchi
– inflammation of the trachea
– also known as the windpipe
1. Tracheitis

2. Bronchitis
– inflammation of the bronchi
– characterized by fever, chest pain, difficulty breathing and chronic cough
– caused by the person trying to clear excess mucous from the linings of the respiratory passageway

3. Bronchiolitis
– inflammation of the smaller bronchi and bronchioles

– an allergic response characterized by a hypersecretion of mucous and spasms of the bronchial muscles
4. Bronchial Asthma

C. Lungs
– inflammation of the lungs due to infection with bacteria, viruses or other pathogenic organisms
1. Pneumonia
– causes the buildup of inflammatory exudates in the alveoli
– if the lungs are inflamed due to other agents that are not infectious, the term pneumonitis is used

a. Three Varieties
– inflammation localized in one or two lobes of the lung
1) Lobar Pneumonia

– Streptococcus pneumoniae causes the majority of the cases
– the affected lobe(s) is usually full of a thick, fibrinous exudate making the exchange of respiratory gases difficult
– responds well to antibiotic treatment and therefore is usually an acute disease

2) Bronchial pneumonia or Bronchopneumonia
– more scattered throughout the bronchi and lungs as spotty patches than lobar pneumonia
– inflammation of the bronchi and terminal bronchioles that can spread into the lungs
– it is most commonly a secondary disease

– seen as a complication of:
– whooping cough
– measles
– influenza
– chronic bronchitis
– cancer
– AIDS
– it is also a common nosocomial infection
3) Viral Pneumonia
– caused by a variety of viruses

b. Associated Conditions w/ pneumonia
– inflammation of the membranes surrounding the lungs
– also known as pleurisy
1) Pleuritis
– often accompanies lobar pneumonia

– fluid in the pleural cavity
2) Pleural effusion
– also known as hydrothorax
– accompanies circulatory disorders

3) Empyema
– pus in the pleural cavity
– also known as pyothorax
4) Hemothorax
– may accompany wounds, infections, or tumors
– blood in the pleural cavity
– accompanies many infectious diseases

5) Pneumothorax
– air in the pleural cavity
– results of a penetrating wound from outside the body or from the rupture of an alveoli in diseases like tuberculosis and emphysema
6) Anoxia
– deficient blood oxygen supply to the tissues of the body

c. Postmortem Conditions of pneumonia
1)
2)

3)
4)
Rapid coagulation of blood
Cyanosis
Dehydration
Edema
– the bluish color of mucous membranes resulting from lack of oxygen

2. Tuberculosis

a. Cause –

b. Lesion –
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Tubercle or Ghon’s lesion

Tubercle or Ghon’s lesion
– has a granulomatous characteristic with gross visible necrosis forming a cheesy, crumbly, caseous mass
– known as caseation necrosis

Tubercle or Ghon’s lesion
– tubercle contents may become liquified and resemble pus but without all the cardinal signs of inflammation
– this is the formation of a Cold Abscess

Tubercle or Ghon’s lesion
– tubercles may also erode the wall of a bronchus leaving an empty cavity
– this is the process of Cavitation

c. sputum is grayish yellow or white
– involving the lungs
– the most common form
d. Forms of Tuberculosis
1) Pulmonary

135

– generalized tuberculosis with minute tubercles in the affected part
2) Miliary
– brain
– kidneys
– intestines
– bones
– skin
– most often affected organs are:

e. Postmortem Conditions of tuberculosis:
1) cavitation
2) hemorrhage
3) dehydration
4) emaciation
5) cold abscess
6) caseation necrosis

3. Pneumoconiosis
– a fibrous inflammation of the lungs resulting from the inhalation of dust
Specific types:
a. Anthracosis
– inhalation of carbon particles
– hazard to coal miners

b. Silicosis
– inhalation of silica(stone dust)
– hazard to miners and rock workers

b. Silicosis
– inhalation of silica(stone dust)
– hazard to miners and rock workers
c. Asbestosis
– inhalation of asbestos dust

4. Atelectasis
– state of collapse of the lungs in which the air sacs are completely airless
– collapse may be caused by:
– a complete obstruction of a bronchus
– an accumulation of fluid or air in the pleural cavity that presses against the lung

5. Emphysema
– a chronic deterioration and destruction of lung tissue
– causes an incomplete or partial bronchial obstruction with the presence of excess mucous and tissue irritation
– characterized by the lungs being supercharged with air that is high in carbon dioxide content

– the difficulty is in moving the air out because of the increased resistance to the flow of air in the lung
– the alveolar walls eventually break down and join the air sacs together into much larger, functionless sacs called
bullae
– these will also rupture eventually leaving the person with no way to exchange respiratory gases

6. COPD
– Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
– a combination of two or more conditions in which the exchange of respiratory gases is ineffective
– these include, but are not limited to, emphysema, bronchial asthma, and chronic bronchitis

7. Cystic Fibrosis
– a disease of the pancreas that is characterized by chronic respiratory infections
– the infections are caused by the presence of a thick, sticky mucous that is secreted from the respiratory epithelium

– the mucous catches bacteria that would normally not be a problem
– most of the deaths from this disease are attributed to the obstruction of air flow to the lungs by the mucous

8. Carcinoma of the lung
– the number one cause of death of male cancer patients

EXAM # 2

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