Human Relations

Considering the idea that intimacy is vital to all human relationships, write a 5-page paper answering the following question:

What are the supposed advantages of marriage (compared to unwed parenthood and compared to divorce) for children and society?

This paper should theoretically explain causes and effects, rather than simply providing a laundry list. A careful academic explanation using any of the theories mentioned in class or in the textbook, is to be provided. You must use 5 academic sources to support your response. (Please note that Wikipedia is not an appropriate academic source). The paper should be written in ASA format (sample provided; abstract not needed for this assignment). Here is a quick word about plagiarism: DON’T DO IT!! You will not be given any points if any part of your paper is plagiarized.

Points will be deducted for papers that do not meet the minimum requirements of 5 full pages (which does not include the reference page) and 5 academic sources. Please also note that points will be deducted for papers that have multiple grammatical and spelling errors. Please seek the assistance of the Writing Center if necessary.

THEORIES (Choose one)

-Structural Functionalism

-Symbolic Interactionism

-Conflict Perspective

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Disability as an Inequality

Surname 1

Disability as an Inequality

Student’s Name

Institution Affiliation

Word Count (2092)

______________
1 ​Authors Address

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Disability as an Inequality

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Disability as an Inequality

DISABILITY

Disability refers to a situation whereby one has got a mental or physical impairment. In

the case, of impairment, the person is usually disadvantaged, and the ability to carry out the

day-to-day activities is hindered. Hence, often they are in continuous exclusion from education

whether the formal and informal.

People with a disability also do face a lot of injustices and sorts of discrimination in

almost any area in the world. They face these problems in spite of sharing the national wealth,

national boundaries and the federal poverty.​ (Baldridge and Richard 2015).

There are usually many types of disabilities, but for this paper, we will major ourselves

more on the physical and mental disabilities.

The effects of Inequality

There are also many types of disparities the first example of bias is known as

• Ableism​; the ableism is a sort of discrimination and exclusion of a group of persons who

have a disability.

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• Stigma​: this is also another form of inequality, in this case, scenario there is a particular type

of persons in the society who are handled and treated differently than some

people.

A lot is going on in the USA especially in matters about people with disabilities. For

example, since the establishment of The Americans with the Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA)

people with disabilities have been protected by the law and the constitutions especially when in

education, employment or research centers. There has been an advancement in most firms when

human resource managers employ people with disabilities; this is a significant recognition by the

U.S. Department of labor.

The recruitment has been driven by the continuous growth of the U.S. economy,

especially in many sectors. These jobs given to people with disabilities have been organized by

the U.S. state agencies with the spotlight to ensure that these group of persons live

independently.

There has also been significant advancement by the Americans department of labor

commonly known as ODEP as it has sought to increase work opportunities for people with

disabilities. This branch of labor office of the disability employment policy (ODEP) continues to

do this by ensuring there are sufficient training programs put in place. Moreover, they also

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Disability as an Inequality

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provide education, technology, entrepreneurial development and organizing hub of small-scale

business for people with disabilities.

Trends in Employment and Health

According to the census data released in 1990, it shows that approximately 50.2% of the

disabled persons were employed. In today’s contemporary world the number has reduced

significantly to roughly 41%.​ (Thomson 2017)​. The cause of reduction has been attributed to the

population that is aging. Those that are aging sometimes become too weak and old and are

unable to do their jobs as previously as they did before since sometimes they lose their sight

hence unable to work night shifts.

Although some work has been seen in the health sector especially for persons with

disabilities. I tend to concur that much still can be done. For instance, disabled persons are the

majority people in the demographic data that require a lot of health care and health programs. If

we look back to as far as the year 2006, we find that disabled people health care cost was

estimated to account for 26.7% of healthcare disbursement. This is equaling to approximately

$397.8 billion. This year the expenditure cost is expected to continue to rise thus explains why

the U.S. government is firing all the cylinders to ensure that these groups of people feel that they

are not left behind by the healthy persons.

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Disability as an Inequality

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There are a lot of potential ways to address the disability problems that seems to be so

entrenched in our culture the first is setting up of federal agencies such as supplemental security

incomes (SSI) and the Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI). These federal agencies can

provide financial cover to people with extreme disabilities hence making them able to survive

independently without giving burden to the working population that is usually involved in the

payment of hefty tax. Moreover, when this is done thee instances of discrimination especially in

the workplace would be significantly reduced.

The social drift hypothesis is also another way which can be used to solve problems

facing persons with disabilities. In simple terms, its definition entails that the existence of

poverty in the society is as a result of the widespread mental illness. This statement seems to be

true because when one is impaired mentally, the learning and cognitive functions are usually

compromised. However, this outlaid thesis seemingly has got resistance ideas in the name of the

social causation theory.

This model argues that one’s existence in a particular social class is attributed to the

possibility of that specific person having a mental disorder. From research studies, we see that

unemployed persons usually have increased amount of stress. The distress then leads to increased

physical problems. When one is in physical issues the ability to work well curtails leading to

decreased income levels.

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Disability as an Inequality

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In summary, about the social drift hypothesis is that we should ensure we are stress-free

as we carry out our day-to-day business activities so that the number of disabled persons through

distress is cut down. Moreover, if this is undone the social workers would have to intervene for

people with disabilities since they are unable to manage themselves.

Throughout the human history, we have found out that disabled persons are treated

distinctly from persons that are usually fitting to the social norms and code of conduct. For

example, in 1907, disability persons were involuntarily sterilized so that they could not pass the

bad genes to the future generation. This sort of behavior is biased and a disgrace to the society in

general. So, regarding the historical dimensions of the people with disabilities, we can say that

their path has not been smooth as they have often been neglected by healthy persons.

The neglection by the healthy people has gone for too long. For example, in, countries

like Greece disabled people were killed in the forest and left abandoned there. In England during

the early 15th century their Queen at that time decides to divide the poor into three groups, this is

a sort of discrimination that it happens in today’s the contemporary world then respect for all

able-bodied men and women would be lost.

There have been a lot of social, economic and demographic factors that have helped in

reshaping the problem with disability that continue to exist in the society today. This is through

the building of the societal models to ensure that there is a proper physical environment for the

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Disability as an Inequality

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disabled person to showcase their knowledge and skills that would enable them to realize their

goals in the society. For political as a factor it focuses on the rights of these individuals. For

example, politics ensure that disabled people right to employment is respected and upheld by the

rule of law at all times. These rights would then allow them to be engaged in all the public

domains of social life. When such things are followed to the latter then problems when they

sometimes faced back such as mass killings and abandonment decreases. This, therefore, has

reshaped our perspective on how we view these group of persons. More people can now look

them in the mirror and say that disabled people are just like them and that their rights should be

respected. The economic factor also argues that the handicapped people should be allowed to

work in the society as they can contribute to the national per capita income just like the enabled

bodied person. This contribution to the per capita income is a unifying factor thus shaping our

level of focus on how we should treat people with disability.

When we come to the disability world, then there is a lot of relations between

sociological dimensions and disability. For example, often we see disability as a social

oppression just like ageism, homophobia, and racism. This is different to a perspective of

viewing it as an individual problem that could have been perhaps caused a little physical

impairment. Hence, we just see it as a form of social oppression that undercuts both personal and

public domains. In this article, we are going to focus on the psycho-emotional dimensions.

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Disability as an Inequality

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The psycho-emotion dimension has been known to cause a lot of jitters to the disabled

persons as most of the time they feel worthless and ashamed. Whenever they are in this situation

the other group of persons who are perceived to be normal are also affected. For example, they

feel that they are somehow facing a structural barrier. These sort of problem therefore perfectly

explains why disability is spotlighted as a social problem rather than an individual problem. The

reason being is that psyco-emotion dimension is brought about by cultural representations and

how we interact with other people.

Those who live with disability have found out that living with it is not an easy task.

Moreover, the needs of such individuals also tend to fluctuate in their life leading to social,

emotional and financial constraints (​Haagsma et al. 2016).​ Having a disability also might lead

you to feel very depressed hence feeling the wrath of the social isolation. Impairment also points

to lack of dependence. Disabled people, most of the time would want to be cared and looked

upon by their immediate relatives, however, when they are neglected they tend to experience

mental burn out and depression.

There are a lot of non- profit organizations in the U.S who put the welfare of people with

disabilities at the forefront. For example, American association with people with disabilities

(AAPD) is one of the most prominent cross-disability nonprofit organization whose work is to

ensure that the disabled persons are financial self-sufficiency. Moreover, they also deal with the

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Disability as an Inequality

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political empowerment for these types of people to ensure there are non-discrimination laws put

in place to help these individuals.

There is also another organization known as the American Disabled for Attendant

programs today (ADAPT) whose work is to ensure people with disability are in Nursing homes

and are well taken care of. The American Foundation of the blind is also another organization

whose sole purpose is to advocate for the rights of individuals who have a visual impairment. In

summary, there are a lot of agencies in the USA that advocate for the rights of these individuals.

Many policies have been proposed since the 1900s to address disability as inequality. An

example is seen in the establishment of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) which works hand in

hand with other health insurance covers such as Medicaid to solve the problems facing disabled

persons. The 44th president of the United States Barrack Obama offered specific, concise and

clear policy proposals that ensured disabled people have an expanded social safety and that their

civil rights are respected.

In 1981 the Ronald Reagan administration came with policies to address the disability as

an inequality by proposing the elimination of the pesky federal regulations. The first strategy

implemented was access to public schools by the disabled persons. This was a good move to

ensure the number of discriminated persons were significantly reduced. The policies have not yet

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Disability as an Inequality

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been successful since there is still a lot of fighting going on about the civil rights of the disabled

people.

The disability is a legal term under the ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act) this is

because disability has got a legal definition enshrined in the laws. According to ADA definition

of disabled persons, they are being referred to as people who have a mental or physical

impairment that to some extent limits one’s primary life activity. (​Young 2015)​ Therefore the

ADA makes it extremely unlawful to discriminate people who have a physical or mental

disability. The discriminations should not be in workplaces, public accommodations, commercial

facilities, transportation sector and telecommunication areas.

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REFERENCES

Baldridge, Morgan D. C. & Richard C. Dirmyer. 2015. “Disability and Salary Equality: The

Influence of Education, Gender and Race.” ​Academy of Management Proceedings​ (Vol.

2015, No. 1, p. 13717). Academy of Management.

Haagsma, Juanita A, Nicholas Graetz., Ian Bolliger, Mohsen Naghavi, Hideki Higashi, Erin C.

Mullany, … & Emmanuel A. Ameh .2016. “The Global Burden of Injury: Incidence,

Mortality, Disability-adjusted Life Years and Time Trends from the Global Burden of Disease

study 2013.” ​Injury Prevention​, ​22​(1):3-18.

Thomson, Reginald G.2017. ​Extraordinary Bodies: Figuring Physical Disability in American

Culture and Literature​. Columbia University Press.

Young, Gerald .2015. “Causality in Criminal Forensic and in Civil Disability Cases: Legal and

Psychological Comparison.” ​International Journal of Law and Psychiatry​, ​42​:114-120.

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