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Ethnographic Analysis
Precious Teasley
Southern New Hampshire University
IHP-501-Q2461 Global Health and Diversity
23TW3
Professor Carolina Baldwine
February 23, 2023
Ethnographic Analysis
Ethnicity: Analyze the impact of ethnicity on population identification. What impact does ethnicity have on cultural notions of identity?
Ethnicity is a complex and multifaceted concept that can influence how individuals view themselves and their identities. It is commonly described as a shared cultural heritage and identity based on shared ancestry, language, religion, and traditions. Ethnicity can significantly shape an individual’s identity and impact their beliefs, behaviors, and experiences.
For many individuals, ethnicity is a fundamental aspect of their identity and can be a source of pride and belonging. Ethnic identity can influence how individuals view themselves and their place in society and relate to others from similar or different ethnic backgrounds (Stets& Fares, 2019). When members of various ethnic groups have opposing goals or worldviews, ethnicity can become a divisive factor.
Cultural conceptions of identity can vary widely across different ethnic groups and may be influenced by various factors, including history, geography, language, religion, and political systems. For example, some cultures may put a lot of value on individual success and achievement, while others may put a lot of value on how close people are to their families and communities. In some cultures, a person’s ethnic identity may be closely tied to their religious beliefs, while in others, ethnicity may be primarily based on shared ancestry and cultural traditions.
Ethnic identity can also be influenced by broader social and cultural factors, such as discrimination, prejudice, and stereotyping. For example, individuals from ethnic minorities may experience discrimination based on ethnicity, which can impact how they view themselves and their place in society. On the other hand, individuals from majority ethnic groups may take their ethnic identity for granted and not consider its influence on their worldview and experiences.
Assess the risks associated with the health concern for the patients and their loved ones.
The stakes of a health issue for patients and their loved ones can be incredibly high and may vary depending on the specific health condition and its severity (Wynn, 2020). Health difficulties can generally impact a patient’s physical, mental, and social health and other aspects of their life. Some potential stakes of a health issue for patients and their loved ones may include Physical health: Health issues can have significant impacts on a patient’s physical health, including pain, discomfort, limited mobility, and reduced quality of life. Sometimes, health issues may be life-threatening and require urgent medical intervention.
Emotional well-being: Health issues can also significantly impact a patient’s emotional well-being, including stress, anxiety, depression, and fear. Patients may experience various emotions related to their diagnosis, including shock, disbelief, and anger. Social relationships: Health issues can also impact a patient’s social relationships and support systems. Patients may experience isolation, loneliness, and social stigma related to their health condition. Loved ones may also experience stress and anxiety related to supporting the patient and managing the impact of the health issue on their own lives.
Explain how patients in this population conceptualize sickness.
Patients’ conceptualizing of illness can vary widely based on cultural, social, and personal factors. Patients’ beliefs about illness are generally shaped by their cultural background, religious beliefs, education, socioeconomic status, and previous experiences with healthcare. Understanding how patients in a particular population conceptualize illness is important for healthcare providers to provide effective care.
In some cultures, illness is conceptualized as being caused by supernatural or spiritual factors, such as a curse or divine punishment (Fox et al., 2018). In these cases, patients may seek the help of traditional healers, shamans, or religious leaders, in addition to seeking medical treatment. In other cultures, illness may be viewed as being caused by imbalances in the body’s energy or by environmental factors, such as climate or pollution. Patients in some populations may also have specific beliefs about the causes of certain illnesses and may attribute illness to factors such as diet, lifestyle, genetics, or exposure to toxins. Patients may also have beliefs about the progression of illness and may expect certain symptoms or stages to occur over time.
Determine the social stressors that patients may face due to their condition.
Patients with illnesses may experience a range of social stresses that can impact their overall well-being and quality of life (Alnazly et al., 2021). Some social stresses that patients may experience due to illness include Social isolation: Patients with illnesses may experience social isolation due to physical limitations, the stigma associated with their illness, or a lack of understanding and support from family and friends. Financial stress: Illness can be expensive to manage, and patients may experience financial stress due to medical expenses, lost income, or changes in insurance coverage. Cultural barriers: Patients may also experience cultural barriers when seeking care, including language barriers or a lack of understanding of their cultural beliefs and practices.
Consider the impact of the clinical environment on your interaction with the patient.
The clinical setting can significantly impact the relationship between healthcare providers and patients. Some potential impacts of the clinical setting on the relationship between healthcare providers and patients include Power dynamics: The clinical setting can create a power dynamic between healthcare providers and patients in which the healthcare provider is perceived as having more knowledge and expertise.
This power dynamic can impact the patient’s willingness to share information, ask questions, and actively participate in their care. Time constraints: Healthcare providers in clinical settings are often under time constraints, which can limit the amount of time they spend with each patient. This can impact the quality of the relationship between healthcare providers and patients, as patients may feel rushed or not fully heard. Physical environment: The physical environment of the clinical setting can impact the patient’s comfort and sense of safety. For example, a cold, sterile environment may create a sense of discomfort or anxiety for patients.
References
Alnazly, E., Khraisat, O. M., Al-Bashaireh, A. M., & Bryant, C. L. (2021). Anxiety, depression, stress, fear and social support during the COVID-19 pandemic among Jordanian healthcare workers.
Plos one,
16(3), e0247679.
Fox, A. B., Earnshaw, V. A., Taverna, E. C., & Vogt, D. (2018). Conceptualizing and measuring mental illness stigma: The mental illness stigma framework and critical review of measures. Stigma and health, 3(4), 348.
Stets, J. E., & Fares, P. (2019). The effects of race/ethnicity and racial/ethnic identification on general trust.
Social Science Research,
80, 1-14.
Wynn, Franklin. “Burnout or Compassion Fatigue? A Comparative Concept Analysis for Nurses Caring for Patients in High-Stakes Environments.”
International Journal for Human Caring 24.1 (2020).
Other health issues that may be encountered in Liberia’s Ebola research
Precious Teasley
Southern New Hampshire University
IHP-501-Q2461 Global Health and Diversity
23TW3
Professor Carolina Baldwine
March 3, 2023
Other health issues that may be encountered in Liberia’s Ebola research
Challenge #1: Malaria
Malaria could pose a serious health issue during the humanitarian trip to Liberia. It is a serious problem in tropical areas (Ridge et al., 2021). Uncomplicated malaria can progress to severe malaria, which can occasionally be fatal if not identified and treated quickly. Some people are more susceptible to developing severe malaria. Pregnant women, children under five, and those with HIV/AIDS are at risk. Travelers to areas where malaria is prevalent are at risk. Malaria-prone individuals develop some immunity. Partial immunity makes malaria less harmful (Ridge et al., 2021). All age groups are at risk in regions with low transmission and immunity, but children make up the majority of malaria fatalities in Liberia.
Malaria symptoms start manifesting ten to fifteen days after a mosquito bite. Malaria symptoms include chills, fever, and headaches. People with partial immunity may catch the illness in regions where malaria is common without exhibiting any symptoms (asymptomatic infections) (Ridge et al., 2021). Malaria can cause multi-organ failure in adults in addition to severe anemia, respiratory distress, or cerebral malaria in children. Testing for parasites can reveal the presence of malaria. Malaria testing is helpful for the diagnosis and treatment of febrile illnesses.
In Liberia, malaria is a constant threat. Malaria infections and fatalities increase during the rainy season (May–October). Most medical facilities are shut down because of Ebola fear, and only 10% of patients attend outpatient appointments. Doctors struggle to diagnose and treat these diseases because the initial symptoms of Ebola and malaria are similar (fever, headache, weakness, and joint pains) (Ridge et al., 2021). Fever patients’ avoidance of hospitals due to Ebola fear has complicated the management of both infections. The main cause of fever in the nation is malaria, but with targeted efforts, the incidence of fever cases may decline.
Challenge #2: Acute respiratory infections (ARIs)
Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are also obstructing research on Ebola in Liberia. The upper respiratory tract, known as the nares, includes the middle ear, paranasal sinuses, and nasal passageways (Li et al., 2018). In Liberia, acute respiratory infections can be life-threatening or have repercussions that last for a long time. Another is respiratory failure, which results from the lungs’ inability to function properly and raises blood CO2 levels.
The airway epithelium is part of the respiratory system. It controls how much air gets to the alveoli and protects the lungs from getting sick. The epithelial cells that line the airways talk to immune cells and make chemicals that help the immune system. These chemicals can change innate and adaptive immune responses (Li et al., 2018). Because of the viruses that cause severe respiratory illnesses, the immune system is not as strong as it used to be. Ebola virus replication in the respiratory tract has not been linked to lung damage. EVD, on the other hand, is marked by chest pain, shortness of breath, coughing, and nasal discharge, all of which are signs that more than one system is affected. Most viral infections of the upper respiratory tract (Li et al., 2018). Antibiotics do not kill viruses. In the vast majority of instances, the symptoms can be managed at home with the help of pain relievers, rest, and beverages.
The primary cause of illness and death for Liberian children under five is ARIs. The flu and colds are the most prevalent ARIs. Acute respiratory illness is linked to children’s age, race, parents’ income, type of housing, and how they were raised (Li et al., 2018). ARI might be less common if families had more money, kids ate better, and community members knew more about indoor and outdoor pollution. In developing nations, it is essential to treat, prevent, and detect ARIs early.
Challenge #3: Tuberculosis (TB)
Another challenge that may be encountered in Liberian Ebola research is tuberculosis. Airborne microbes can spread TB. TB can harm not only the lungs but also the spine, kidneys, and brain. The consequences of untreated TB include death (De St. Maurice et al., 2018). TB symptoms include fatigue, weight loss, a fever, and night sweats. TB lung disease is characterized by coughing, chest pain, and bloody coughing. TB symptoms vary according to the body part. A TB patient’s coughing, sneezing, speaking, or singing can spread TB germs. These viruses might stay in the air for hours (De St. Maurice et al., 2018). A latent tuberculosis infection results from breathing in TB bacteria. Not all TB carriers become ill. The result is TB infection and disease. Treatment options exist for latent and active TB. If untreated, latent tuberculosis infection can progress to TB disease that goes untreated and can be fatal.
Despite the WHO’s Stop TB Strategy’s 20-year success, TB still seriously threatens the public’s health. Liberia is one of the West African nations with a TB epidemic. People with symptoms like a cough and fever may have avoided medical facilities because of Ebola concerns or quarantine restrictions, contributing to the overall decline in presumptive TB cases (De St. Maurice et al., 2018). By increasing mortality in this patient group at the time of symptoms, Ebola may have decreased the number of TB cases. The significant decreases in smear-positive TB diagnoses could have been caused by laboratory technicians’ Ebola infection or death, their relocation to the area to handle suspected and confirmed Ebola cases, and the “no touch” policy, which made it difficult to perform laboratory procedures (De St. Maurice et al., 2018). This approach may have contributed to the decline in EPTB, which necessitates clinical examination and investigation for diagnosis.
References
De St. Maurice, A., Ervin, E., Orone, R., Choi, M., Dokubo, E. K., Rollin, P. E., Nichol, S. T., Williams, D., Brown, J., Sacra, R., Fankhauser, J., & Knust, B. (2018). Care of Ebola survivors and factors associated with clinical sequelae—Monrovia, Liberia.
Open Forum Infectious Diseases,
5(10). https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofy239
Li, Y., Wang, H., Jin, X., Li, X., Pender, M., Song, C., Tang, S., Cao, J., Wu, H., & Wang, Y. (2018). Experiences and challenges in the health protection of medical teams in the Chinese Ebola treatment center, Liberia: A qualitative study.
Infectious Diseases of Poverty,
7(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-018-0468-6
Ridge, L. J., Stimpfel, A. W., Klar, R. T., Dickson, V. V., & Squires, A. P. (2021). Infection prevention and control in Liberia 5 years after Ebola: A case study.
Workplace Health & Safety,
69(6), 242-251. https://doi.org/10.1177/2165079921998076
Worksheet
Student’s Name
Institution
Introduction
My name is Precious Teasley. I’m a recent college graduate with a BS in Biology with a minor in Chemistry from Coppin State University in Baltimore,
MD. I look forward in the future to working with patients with Sickle cell Disease. I’m currently pursuing a Master’s in Healthcare Administration. I’m a sickle cell worrier and my biggest reason to pursue a health career is to make a difference in the lives of others. And ensuring that other kids will not have to endure some of the hardships and errors I had to endure while trying to cope with my illness. I see a lot of room for improvement within the management sector of healthcare. I hope to gain more insight into Human Resources and their effects on society because it’ll play a big part in my chosen career field. I enjoy shopping and adding to my Jordan collection, and spending time with my nephews in my free time. I also enjoy traveling and exploring different cultures. I look forward to meeting and working with all of you as we continue our academic journey. I had set my goals in pursuing this course to advance my future ambitions in Human Resources and healthcare management. Therefore, getting an MHA in this field would be helpful for me in taking my career to a level of realization.
1.
Scenario: The selected option is option 2 and it involves traveling to West Africa and addressing the health challenge of Ebola. The specific country to be visited is Liberia because it is one of the most affected countries. Ebola is a challenge that needs urgent attention because it is highly contagious and also kills quickly.
2.
Population: The target population is the northern county of that borders Guinea. The residents are at the highest risk of contracting Ebola.
A.
Geographic Region:
i.
Size: 111,369km2 (World Bank, 2020)
ii.
Location: West Africa, borders the Atlantic Ocean
iii.
Climate: The southern part is equatorial; it experiences rainfall throughout the year. The northern part is tropical.
B.
Socioeconomic Profile:
i.
Capital City: Monrovia
ii.
Major Districts or Territories: Major counties include Lofa, Nimba, Grand Gedeh, and Sinoe.
iii.
Income Standard: Low income (World Bank, 2020)
iv.
Common Occupations: Agriculture
v.
GDP Estimate: $ 3.487 billion (2021)
vi.
Source of Funding for the Education System: The education system is funded through the Global Partnership for Education.
vii.
Source of Funding for the Healthcare System: 71% of the health system relies on external financing
C.
Demographic Profile:
i.
Birth
Rate: In 2020, the birthrate in Liberia was 4.18 births per woman (World Bank, 2020)
ii.
Aging Trends: In 1971, Liberians aged 60 years and above were 73,000. By 2020, the number was 265,000, representing a significant growth in the elderly population Knoema. (2020).
iii.
Death Rates: In 2020, the death rate for every 1000 people was 7 (World Bank, 2020).
3.
Prevalent Health Concerns: The prevalent health concern in Liberia. This is a health challenge that affects everyone regardless of age or gender. it is highly contagious and kills within days
4.
Social Determinants: The following are social determinants of health in Liberia as far as Ebola is concerned.
i.
Education: The level of education determines a person’s health. People with more education are more exposed to knowledge, therefore, they seek better health services and vice versa.
ii.
Healthcare: Healthy people are privileged because they get better care as compared to those who are not healthy.
iii.
Economic Stability: Economically stable people access better health because they can afford it. However, poor people struggle to access quality care.
iv.
Inequity: Inequity is a challenge in Liberia, resources are not shared in the right proportions. This has resulted in some people being very rich while others are very poor. The rich have access to better health as compared to the poor.
References
Knoema. (2020).
Liberia – Total Population Aged 60 Years and Above. Retrieved from https://knoema.com/atlas/Liberia/topics/Demographics/Age/Population-aged-60-years
Ministry of Internal Affairs. (2022).
Overview of Liberia. Retrieved from https://www.mia.gov.lr/2content.php?sub=210&related=40&third=210&pg=sp#:~:text=The%20oldest%20counties%20are%20Grand,square%20miles%20(1%2C909%20km2).
World Bank. (2020).
Death Rate, Crude (Per 1000 People) – Liberia. Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.CDRT.IN?locations=LR
Overview
Amazing job! Now that you have completed the analysis of other health challenges for your chosen loca!on, you need to
propose an interven!on that will improve the health of the popula!on chosen for your humanitarian trip. Effec!ve
interven!ons in global health should be culturally appropriate and may o#en be complementary and integra!ve.
Recall from the project scenario that the SNHU Humanitarian Aid Founda!on has offered your team a grant of $100,000 for
this trip. Ul!mately, you will present your findings and recommenda!ons in a research paper designed to persuade your
sponsor to award you the funding for your proposed trip. In this assignment, you will inves!gate scholarly literature to offer
an interven!on. Your interven!on should align with the cultural expecta!ons of the popula!on. Consider the following
ques!ons: What are the complementary and integra!ve health approaches that may support the interven!on? What can be
an alterna!ve interven!on approach for your given loca!on?
Prompt
Building on the prior project prepara!on assignments, propose an interven!on to improve the health of the target
popula!on.
Then, cra# a short paper describing the interven!on. For the following elements, search the scholarly literature to support
your responses.
Note that you should cite at least three scholarly sources from your inves!ga!on. The evidence should not be older than five
years. To access the Shapiro Library Guide: Nursing—Graduate, go to the Start Here sec!on of the course.
Specifically, you must address the following rubric criteria:
1. Conven!onal (modern, Western medicine-based) Interven!on: Propose a conven!onal interven!on for the chosen
popula!on.
A. Vision: Ar!culate the vision for the conven!onal interven!on. Supply evidence from credible sources to
illustrate your claims.
Descrip!on: Describe the conven!onal interven!on you are proposing.
Purpose: Assess the objec!ve to be gained as a result of the interven!on.
Ra!onale: Explain the reason that this interven!on is the best choice for the challenge.
B. Implementa!on: Discuss how the conven!onal interven!on would be implemented for your chosen
popula!on.
Personnel Required: Describe the roles and responsibili!es required to effec!vely and efficiently
implement this interven!on. Which members of the interdisciplinary team are needed to perform this
interven!on to match current best prac!ces effec!vely?
Supplies and Other Technical Requirements: What tangible supplies, informa!on technology, and
technical equipment will be necessary to safely and effec!vely implement this interven!on based on
current best prac!ces?
Cost: Outline the general es!mated costs for the implementa!on of this interven!on. Include the cost
of personnel, supplies, and technical requirements. What will cost more and why? You do not need a
line-item budget, but you should include overall cost considera!ons.
2. Complementary or Integra!ve Health (CIH) Interven!on: Propose a complementary or integra!ve health interven!on
(CIH) for the chosen popula!on.
A. Vision: Ar!culate the vision of the nature of CIH interven!on. Supply evidence from credible sources to
illustrate your claims.
Descrip!on: Describe the CIH interven!on you are proposing.
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Purpose: Assess the objec!ve to be gained as a result of the interven!on.
Ra!onale: Explain the reason that this interven!on is the best choice for the challenge.
B. Implementa!on: Discuss how CIH interven!on would be implemented for your chosen popula!on.
Personnel Required: Describe the roles and responsibili!es required to effec!vely and efficiently
implement this interven!on. Which members of the interdisciplinary team are needed to perform this
interven!on to match current best prac!ces effec!vely?
Supplies and Other Technical Requirements: What tangible supplies, informa!on technology, and
technical equipment will be necessary to safely and effec!vely implement this interven!on based on
current best prac!ces?
Cost: Outline the general es!mated costs for the implementa!on of this interven!on. Include the cost
of personnel, supplies, and technical requirements. What will cost more and why? You do not need a
line-item budget, but you should include overall cost considera!ons.
Guidelines for Submission
Your short paper must be a 2- to 3-page Word document, not including the !tle page and references. It must be wri%en in
APA format. Use double spacing, 12-point Times New Roman font, and one-inch margins. All references must be cited in APA
format.
Criteria Exemplary (100%) Proficient (90%)
Needs
Improvement (70%)
Not Evident (0%) Value
Conven!onal
Interven!on:
Vision
Exceeds proficiency
in an excep!onally
clear and insigh&ul
manner, using
industry-specific
language
Ar!culates a vision
of the nature of
conven!onal
interven!on
including
descrip!on,
purpose, and
ra!onale
Shows progress
toward proficiency,
but with errors or
omissions
Does not a%empt
criterion
22
Conven!onal
Interven!on:
Implementa!on
Exceeds proficiency
in an excep!onally
clear and insigh&ul
manner, using
industry-specific
language
Discusses how the
conven!onal
interven!on would
be implemented,
including personnel,
supplies, other
technical
requirements, and
cost
Shows progress
toward proficiency,
but with errors or
omissions
Does not a%empt
criterion
1
5
CIH Interven!on:
Vision
Exceeds proficiency
in an excep!onally
clear and insigh&ul
manner, using
industry-specific
language
Ar!culates a vision
of the nature of
conven!onal
interven!on
including
descrip!on,
purpose, and
ra!onale
Shows progress
toward proficiency,
but with errors or
omissions
Does not a%empt
criterion
23
CIH Interven!on: Exceeds proficiency Discusses how the Shows progress Does not a%empt 15
Module Six Project Prepara!on Rubric
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Page 2 of 3
Implementa!on in an excep!onally
clear and insigh&ul
manner, using
industry-specific
language
conven!onal
interven!on would
be implemented,
including personnel,
supplies, other
technical
requirements, and
cost
toward proficiency,
but with errors or
omissions
criterion
Ar!cula!on of
Response
Exceeds proficiency
in an excep!onally
clear and insigh&ul
manner
Clearly conveys
meaning with
correct grammar,
sentence structure,
and spelling,
demonstra!ng an
understanding of
audience and
purpose
Shows progress
toward proficiency,
but with errors in
grammar, sentence
structure, and
spelling, nega!vely
impac!ng
readability
Submission has
cri!cal errors in
grammar, sentence
structure, and
spelling, preven!ng
understanding of
ideas
10
Scholarly Sources Incorporates more
than three
scholarly, current
(within the last five
years) sources, or
use of sources is
excep!onally
insigh&ul
Incorporates three
scholarly, current
(within the last five
years) sources that
support claims
Incorporates fewer
than three
scholarly, current
(within the last five
years) sources, or
not all sources
support claims
Does not
incorporate sources
10
APA Style Formats in-text
cita!ons and
reference list
according to APA
style with no errors
Formats in-text
cita!ons and
reference list
according to APA
style with fewer
than five errors
Formats in-text
cita!ons and
reference list
according to APA
style with five or
more errors
Does not format in-
text cita!ons and
reference list
according to APA
style
5
Total: 100%
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Formatting
Title Page
Citation
Outline
