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Management Action Plan (MAP): Final

For this assignment, you will compile all five parts (from Units II–VI) of your project for submission as your finalized MAP.

· Part 1: Clarify a central problem or opportunity for improvement (OFI).

· Part 2: Clarify your measureable goal.

· Part 3: Prepare a list of possible actions.

· Part 4: Analyze and prioritize key action steps.

· Part 5: Organize your key action steps into a MAP. Address accountability, and develop measurement and monitoring.

Organize and present your MAP in a manner that is clear and concise. Your MAP should conclude by summarizing the overall process, applicable policy analysis, evaluation methods, and expected outcomes.

2

Management Action Plan (MAP): Part 5

Michell Muldrow

Columbia Southern University

MHS 5201

Dr. Alicia Chatman

3/7/23

Management Action Plan (MAP): Part 5

Sequencing of Key Action Steps

The critical action steps identified in Part 4 of the MAP need to be sequenced in order to ensure that the goals and objectives of the MAP are achieved. This can be done by looking at each step and determining what other steps must be completed before that step.

The first step is to pass legislation from various levels of government (federal, state, and local) that provides adequate funding to improve public health preparedness, promotes collaboration and coordination among stakeholders, and ensures training and education for healthcare workers and the public addresses social determinants of health. Before this step, policy implementation must be completed. This includes developing surveillance systems, improving vaccine distribution and access, increasing training and education for healthcare workers and the public, and addressing social determinants of health. This step is necessary to ensure that the essential systems and procedures are in place to respond to public health emergencies. It is also important to note that this step is also dependent on leadership governance and clinical performance of a healthcare administrator, as they must create and maintain a culture of accountability and compliance with the MAP and ensure that the goals and objectives of the MAP are being met.

Next, training and education of healthcare workers, nurses, and the public should be completed. This should equip them with the latest public health strategies and interventions so that they are prepared to respond. This step is also dependent on the policy implementation step. It is essential to ensure that healthcare workers and the public have access to the necessary resources and information to stay informed about public health trends and risks.

Following this, knowledge management should be implemented. This will help ensure that healthcare workers and the public can access the latest public health information and reliable data. It will also ensure that all stakeholders have access to the same information, helping to improve communication and reduce confusion. Furthermore, it will allow for identifying gaps in knowledge and implementing strategies to fill these.

Finally, human resources and financial management should be completed. This includes allocating human resources to ensure that healthcare workers and the public have access to the resources required to keep them safe, healthy, and informed. It also includes allocating financial resources responsibly to ensure public health preparedness is given the necessary funding.

Benefits of Incrementalism and Consequences of Not Utilizing Incrementalism

Incrementalism is making small, accurate, incremental changes instead of undertaking a few well-planned, large jumps. This approach is beneficial because it allows more flexibility to adjust and respond to changing conditions over time (Bjørndal & Ronglan, 2019). It also allows for implementing changes in a more controlled and manageable manner, reducing the risk of failure. Additionally, it allows for a more detailed assessment of the impact of the changes, enabling the organization to make adjustments accordingly.

Incrementalism is beneficial for the MAP because it allows for the plan’s implementation in stages. This allows the organization to assess the impact of the changes and make adjustments as needed (Li, 2020). It also allows the organization to respond to changing conditions over time, ensuring that the MAP is always current and relevant.

Finally, incrementalism is beneficial because it allows the organization to allocate resources more efficiently. Instead of allocating a large sum of resources to the entire MAP simultaneously, resources can be allocated in stages as the plan is being implemented (Lennerts et al., 2019). This enables the organization to focus resources on the most important tasks while having the flexibility to respond to changing conditions.

On the other hand, utilizing incrementalism can have positive consequences. With incrementalism, the organization may be flexible to adjust and respond to changing conditions over time (Puriwat & Hoonsopon, 2021). This could lead to the MAP needing to be updated and relevant, which can have a negative impact on the organization’s ability to respond to public health emergencies. Additionally, allocating resources for the entire MAP at once can be risky, as the organization may need more funds to complete the plan. Finally, not utilizing incrementalism can also lead to a lack of detailed assessment of the impact of the changes, which can hinder the organization’s ability to make necessary adjustments.

Sequenced Action Steps with Responsible Parties, Suspense Dates, and Completion Date

The key action steps identified in Part 4 of the MAP have been sequenced and ordered as follows:

1. Leadership Governance and Clinical Performance of a Healthcare Administrator – Responsible Party: Administration Department – Suspense Date: March 5, 2023

2. Policy Implementation – Responsible Party: Administration Department – Suspense Date: March 10, 2023

3. Legislative Action – Responsible Party: Legal Department – Suspense Date: March 15, 2023

4. Training and Education of Healthcare Workers and the Public – Responsible Party: Human Resources Department – Suspense Date: March 20, 2023

5. Knowledge Management – Responsible Party: Information Technology Department – Suspense Date: March 25, 2023

6. Human Resources and Financial Management – Responsible Party: Finance Department – Suspense Date: March 30, 2023

Given the above key action steps and their respective suspense dates, the estimated completion date for the entire MAP is April 5, 2023.

Measurement and Monitoring

To measure the success of the MAP following implementation, various metrics should be used to assess the impact of the changes. These metrics should include public health preparedness measures, such as the number of health threats identified, the speed of response, and the effectiveness of interventions. Additionally, healthcare worker and public knowledge measures should be used to assess the impact of training and education (Heath et al., 2020). Finally, measures of the organization’s performance should be used to assess the impact of policy implementation, leadership governance and clinical performance, and human resources and financial management.

To monitor ongoing performance and prevent regression, regular assessments should be conducted. This should include assessments of public health preparedness, healthcare worker and public knowledge, and organizational performance. Additionally, evaluations of the MAP should be conducted regularly to ensure that it is current and relevant. This will enable the organization to make necessary adjustments to the MAP. Finally, the organization should monitor compliance with relevant regulations and legislation to ensure compliance with all relevant laws.

Conclusion

The key action steps identified in Part 4 of the MAP have been sequenced and ordered, and a responsible party and suspense date have been assigned to each step. Incrementalism has been identified as a beneficial approach for the MAP, as it allows for more flexibility to adjust and respond to changing conditions over time. To measure the success of the MAP following implementation, various metrics should be used to assess the impact of the changes. Regular assessments should be conducted to monitor ongoing performance and prevent regression, and the organization should monitor compliance with relevant regulations and legislation. With these strategies in place, the MAP can be successfully implemented, and the goals and objectives of the MAP can be achieved.

References

Bjørndal, C. T., & Ronglan, L. T. (2019). Engaging with uncertainty in athlete development – orchestrating talent development through incremental leadership.
Sport, Education and Society, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2019.1695198

Heath, C., Sommerfield, A., & von Ungern‐Sternberg, B. S. (2020). Resilience strategies to manage psychological distress amongst healthcare workers during the COVID‐19 pandemic: a narrative review.
Anaesthesia,
75(10), 1364–1371. https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.15180

Lennerts, S., Schulze, A., & Tomczak, T. (2019). The asymmetric effects of exploitation and exploration on radical and incremental innovation performance: An uneven affair.
European Management Journal. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2019.06.002

Li, F. (2020). Leading digital transformation: three emerging approaches for managing the transition.
International Journal of Operations & Production Management,
40(6), 809–817. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijopm-04-2020-0202

Puriwat, W., & Hoonsopon, D. (2021). Cultivating product innovation performance through creativity: the impact of organizational agility and flexibility under technological turbulence.
Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management,
ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/jmtm-10-2020-0420

6

Management Action Plan (MAP): Part 4

Michell Muldrow

Columbia Southern University

MHA 5201

February 28, 2023

Analysis and Prioritization of Key Action Steps

One of the key action steps that are absolutely necessary to achieve the MAP goal is legislative action. It is essential to pass legislation from various levels of government (federal, state, and local) that provides adequate funding to improve public health preparedness, promotes collaboration and coordination among stakeholders, ensures training and education for healthcare workers and the public, and addresses social determinants of health. This legislation is necessary because it provides the necessary resources to implement the MAP and ensure that public health preparedness is effective. Without this legislation, it would be difficult to achieve the MAP goal.

Another key action step is policy implementation. Systems and procedures must be created to ensure the necessary resources and strategies are in place to respond to public health emergencies. This includes developing surveillance systems, improving vaccine distribution and access, increasing training and education for healthcare workers and the public, and addressing social determinants of health. These policies are essential for creating a strong public health preparedness framework and ensuring that society is adequately prepared for public health threats.

Leadership governance and clinical performance of a healthcare administrator is also an essential action step. The healthcare administrator should create and maintain a culture of accountability and compliance with the MAP and ensure that the goals and objectives of the MAP are being met (Figueroa et al., 2019). They should provide the necessary resources and guidance to staff, and ensure that the implementation of the MAP is in line with the organization’s mission, vision and goals. They should also ensure that the quality of care and services provided by the organization is maintained throughout the implementation of the MAP. They should also ensure that the organization is in compliance with relevant regulations and legislation. The healthcare administrator should also provide ongoing training and education to staff on the implementation of MAP and monitor the performance of the organization against the MAP. Finally, they should ensure that the organization is transparent and accountable to the public.

Training and education of healthcare workers, nurses, and the public is a key action step in responding to public health emergencies. This training should equip them with the latest public health strategies and interventions so that they are prepared to respond. Additionally, educating healthcare workers and the public can help reduce health disparities and improve protection for vulnerable populations (Wald, 2020). Moreover, nurses should be informed about the importance of good hygiene practices, such as frequent hand-washing, to reduce the spread of disease. Awareness of risk factors, such as smoking and poor nutrition, and preventive measures, such as vaccinations and early detection, can also help reduce the impact of public health crises. Improving access to healthcare, health education, and health promotion activities can also be beneficial in protecting the public’s health.

Knowledge management is also a key action step. It should be implemented to ensure that healthcare workers and the public have access to the latest public health information and reliable data. This will help them stay informed about public health trends and risks, enabling them to make informed decisions and take appropriate action. Knowledge management also ensures that all stakeholders have access to the same information, which helps to reduce confusion and improve communication. Furthermore, it allows for the identification of gaps in knowledge and the implementation of strategies to fill these. It can also assist with the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health initiatives. Knowledge management is thus an essential tool in public health, helping to ensure that everyone has the information they need to make informed decisions and take appropriate action.

Finally, human resources and financial management are key action steps. Human resources should be allocated to ensure that healthcare workers and the public have access to the necessary resources to keep them safe, healthy, and informed. Financial resources should also be allocated responsibly to ensure that public health preparedness is given the necessary funding. This includes investments in research, training, and equipment, as well as in developing long-term strategies for responding to potential threats.

Removal of Action Steps

The following action steps can be removed from the list without significant consequences to the outcome. Internal consulting can be removed, as it is not absolutely necessary to achieve the MAP goal. While this can be a valuable tool for ensuring public health preparedness is implemented according to the organization’s goals, it is not required to create a strong public health preparedness framework. Additionally, marketing campaigns can be removed. While these campaigns play an important role in informing the public about public health emergencies and the importance of public health preparedness, they are not necessary to create a strong public health preparedness framework.

Relation to Health Policy Making

The key action steps identified in Part 3 of the MAP are essential to health policymaking in relation to the OFI and the pursuit of health. Legislative action is necessary to provide the necessary foundation for the implementation of public health preparedness policies and ensure adequate funding and resources are available to respond to public health emergencies. Policy implementation is essential to ensure the necessary systems and procedures are in place to respond to public health emergencies. Leadership governance and clinical performance of a healthcare administrator is necessary to ensure the necessary resources are available and that the implementation of the MAP is in line with the organization’s goals. Physicians, nurses, and clinical support services must be trained and educated on the latest public health strategies and interventions to ensure they can effectively respond to public health emergencies and protect their patients (Samadbeik et al., 2020). Knowledge management should be implemented to ensure that healthcare workers and the public have access to the latest public health information. Human resources should be allocated to ensure that healthcare workers and the public have access to the necessary resources to keep them safe, healthy, and informed. Financial resources should be allocated responsibly to ensure public health preparedness is given the necessary funding. By implementing these action steps, health policymaking can create a strong public health preparedness framework that will enable society to effectively detect, prevent, and respond to public health threats.

References

Figueroa, C. A., Harrison, R., Chauhan, A., & Meyer, L. (2019). Priorities and challenges for health leadership and workforce management globally: a rapid review.
BMC Health Services Research,
19(1). Biomedcentral. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-4080-7

Samadbeik, M., Fatehi, F., Braunstein, M., Barry, B., Saremian, M., Kalhor, F., & Edirippulige, S. (2020). Education and Training on Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) for health care professionals and students: A Scoping Review.
International Journal of Medical Informatics,
142, 104238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2020.104238

Wald, H. S. (2020). Optimizing resilience and wellbeing for healthcare professions trainees and healthcare professionals during public health crises – Practical tips for an “integrative resilience” approach.
Medical Teacher,
42(7), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159x.2020.1768230

2

Management Action Plan (MAP) Part 3

Michell Muldrow

Columbia Southern University

Dr. Alicia Chatman

MHA 5201

February 21,2023

Root Causes of the Opportunity for Improvement (OFI)

The root causes of the opportunity for improvement in public health preparedness are lack of funding, coordination, and collaboration among stakeholders, training and education, and failure to address social determinants of health. The lack of adequate funding is a major challenge to public health preparedness, as it limits the ability to acquire new technologies and interventions and advance surveillance systems and vaccines. Coordination and collaboration among stakeholders have also needed to be improved, leading to confusion and inadequate responses during public health emergencies (Raftery et al., 2022). Adequate training and education for healthcare workers, public health professionals, and the general public have also helped public health preparedness. The current strategies still need to address the social determinants of health, which increase health disparities and vulnerability and threaten public health.

Actions Needed to Achieve the MAP Goal

To achieve the MAP goal of creating a strong public health preparedness framework that will enable society to effectively detect, prevent, and respond to public health threats such as infectious diseases, pandemics, and natural disasters, the following actions are necessary:

Legislative Action

Legislation must be passed from various levels of government (federal, state, and local). This legislation should include policies that provide adequate funding to improve public health preparedness, promote collaboration and coordination among stakeholders, ensure training and education for healthcare workers and the public, and address social determinants of health.

Policy Implementation

Systems and procedures must be created to ensure the necessary resources and strategies are in place to respond to public health emergencies. This includes developing surveillance systems, improving vaccine distribution and access, increasing training and education for healthcare workers and the public, and addressing social determinants of health.

Leadership Governance and Clinical Performance of a Healthcare Administrator

A healthcare administrator should lead the implementation of the MAP. They should ensure that the necessary resources are available and that the implementation of the MAP is in line with the organization’s goals.

Physicians

Physicians should be trained and educated on the latest public health strategies and interventions. This will ensure that physicians can effectively respond to public health emergencies and protect their patients.

Nurses

Nurses should be trained and educated on the latest public health strategies and interventions. This will ensure that nurses can effectively respond to public health emergencies and protect their patients.

Clinical Support Services

Clinical support services are an essential part of providing healthcare services. They provide the necessary resources to ensure healthcare workers and the public access the best possible care. These services include medical coding, billing, scheduling, patient registration, laboratory services, and other administrative support services. Clinical support services can also guide healthcare workers in developing and implementing programs, policies, and procedures.

Knowledge Management

Knowledge management should be implemented to ensure that healthcare workers and the public have access to the latest public health information. It allows for the efficient storage and access of up-to-date, accurate information about public health topics. By providing access to reliable data, knowledge management helps healthcare workers and the public stay informed about public health trends and risks, enabling them to make informed decisions and take appropriate action (Vuong et al., 2022). It also encourages collaboration within the healthcare industry and among the public, allowing all stakeholders to benefit from the collective knowledge and experience of others.

Human Resources

Human resources should be allocated to ensure that healthcare workers and the public have access to the necessary resources to keep them safe, healthy, and informed. This includes providing adequate personal protective equipment (PPE) and other medical supplies, as well as educational materials and resources to aid in preventing and treating COVID-19. Additionally, proper training and support should be provided to healthcare workers to ensure they are equipped to handle the current crisis effectively. Lastly, resources should be allocated to ensure that the public is kept informed and has access to reliable information to help them stay safe.

Financial Management

Financial resources should be allocated responsibly to ensure that public health preparedness is given the necessary funding. This includes investments in research, training, and equipment, as well as in developing long-term strategies for responding to potential threats. Additionally, resources should be allocated towards educating the public on the importance of public health preparedness and providing them with the information and resources they need to engage in activities that support it.

Internal Consulting

Internal consulting can be a valuable tool for ensuring public health preparedness is implemented according to the organization’s goals. It can help identify gaps in current plans and processes and provide recommendations for improvement. Internal consulting can also assist in developing strategies for responding to public health emergencies and evaluating the effectiveness of those strategies. Internal consulting can be critical to an organization’s overall public health preparedness plan.

Marketing

Marketing campaigns should be used to increase public awareness of public health emergencies and the importance of public health preparedness. Digital, print, and radio campaigns should be utilized to educate the public on warning signs and risk factors and highlight the importance of following public health guidelines. Additionally, marketing should be used to provide resources and information on how to protect oneself and others during a public health emergency.

The Need for Political Competence in Relation to the OFI and the Pursuit of Health

Political competence is essential in pursuing health in relation to the OFI. Political competence is the ability to understand, influence, and participate in political processes (Maddox et al., 2021). It is important to promote political competence because it is necessary to understand and influence policies to create a strong public health preparedness framework. Political competence is also necessary to ensure adequate funding for public health preparedness and that the necessary resources are available to respond to public health emergencies. Furthermore, political competence is necessary to ensure that the public health system can respond effectively to public health emergencies and protect communities worldwide.

Therefore, to promote political competence in pursuing health, it is necessary to ensure that healthcare workers, public health professionals, and the general public have the knowledge and skills necessary to understand and participate in the political process. This can include providing resources and training to healthcare workers and the public on the latest public health strategies and interventions and on how to understand and influence policies. Additionally, it is necessary to raise awareness of the importance of political competence in pursuing health and encourage the public to participate in the political process. Finally, it is important to ensure that healthcare workers, public health professionals, and the general public have access to the necessary resources and tools to participate in the political process. This includes providing resources and training on how to participate in the political process, such as contacting elected officials and advocating for public health policies. Promoting political competence in the pursuit of health makes it possible to create a strong public health preparedness framework to protect communities from the impacts of public health emergencies.

References

Maddox, R., Blais, G., Mashford-Pringle, A., Monchalin, R., Firestone, M., Ziegler, C., Ninomiya, M. M., & Smylie, J. (2021). Reviewing Health Service and Program Evaluations in Indigenous Contexts: A Systematic Review.
American Journal of Evaluation,
42(3), 332–353. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098214020940409

Raftery, P., Howard, N., Palmer, J., & Hossain, M. (2022). Gender-based violence (GBV) coordination in humanitarian and public health emergencies: a scoping review.
Conflict and Health,
16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13031-022-00471-z

Vuong, Q.-H., Le, T.-T., La, V.-P., Nguyen, H. T. T., Ho, M.-T., Van Khuc, Q., & Nguyen, M.-H. (2022). Covid-19 vaccines production and societal immunization under the serendipity-mindsponge-3D knowledge management theory and conceptual framework.
Humanities and Social Sciences Communications,
9(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-022-01034-6

6

Management Action Plan (MAP)

Michell Muldrow

Columbia Southern University

Dr. Alicia Chatman

MHA 5201

February 7, 2023

Management Action Plan (MAP)

Public Health Preparedness

I will cover Public Health Preparedness (PHP) to create a managed action plan for this project. PHP is the ability of a society to detect, prevent, and respond to issues that threaten the health of the public (Aarestrup et al., 2021). Public health threats are issues like infectious diseases and natural disasters. Public health preparedness is a multifaceted area that requires different stakeholders to collaborate and coordinate strategies. These stakeholders include healthcare facilities, public health agencies, and community-based organizations. Many changes have been made in the United States to improve PHP over the years. However, it remains an opportunity for improvement because many challenges continue to hinder its effectiveness.

These challenges are lack of funding, coordination, and collaboration among stakeholders, training and education, and failure to address social determinants of health. PHP lacks adequate funding, which has hindered it from acquiring new technologies and interventions and advancing surveillance systems and vaccines that promote public health (Yeager et al., 2020). Lack of coordination and collaboration among stakeholders is a great challenge to PHP and has led to confusion and inadequate responses during public health emergencies. Also, there is inadequate training and education for healthcare workers, public health professionals, and the general public with the knowledge and skills necessary to respond effectively to public health emergencies. In addition, current strategies have failed to address the social determinants of health. These factors increase health disparities and vulnerability, which threatens public health.

The challenges I have mentioned show an opportunity for improvement (OFI) in public health preparedness. An example of a recent event showing a need to improve public health preparedness is the Covid-19 pandemic (Aarestrup et al., 2021). The virus’s global spread has demonstrated the importance of a strong and coordinated response to public health emergencies. Despite significant advances in public health, the COVID-19 pandemic has exposed many areas where public health preparedness remains an opportunity for improvements like training and education for healthcare workers and the public, increasing collaboration and coordination in healthcare, funding and providing resources for public health preparedness, and addressing the social determinants of health that increases vulnerability and health disparities.

The Importance of Setting an Agenda to Resolve This Problem Right Now

Public health preparedness is a critical aspect and a matter of urgency because it promotes a safe and healthy society. Public health threats like diseases, pandemics, and natural disasters require public health preparedness, which calls for setting the agenda and resolving this problem (Kost et al., 2019). The first reason is increased public health threats and a stronger public health preparedness framework. The world has recently seen a rising number of public health emergencies, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic has had a significant impact on global health and security. Creating a public health preparedness framework will reduce vulnerability to threats and their impacts (Aarestrup et al., 2021). Therefore, setting an agenda to create a strong, effective public health preparedness framework help to mitigate the impact of future public health emergencies and promote the safety of communities.

Also, public health emergencies can have significant social and economic impacts. For example, the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in the loss of life, increased healthcare costs, and disruption to daily life and the economy. Improving public health preparedness will help mitigate these impacts and ensure society is better prepared to respond to future public health emergencies. This results in a more resilient society with a stable economy.

Moreover, addressing the challenges in public health preparedness will help to reduce health disparities and promote health equity. Public health emergencies disproportionately impact communities of color and low-income communities. This has increased health disparities in the United States. Thus, improving public health preparedness protect minority communities from the impacts of public health emergencies.

The Consequences of Not Resolving This Problem Right Now

Failure to resolve these challenges has significant and long-lasting consequences. It increases mortality rates, economic impact, and health inequality among vulnerable populations (Kost et al., 2019). The lack of a strong public health preparedness framework increases mortality rates in the United States because people cannot be protected and treated in case of emergencies like pandemics. Public health emergencies have a significant impact on the economy. For example, they increase the cost of healthcare and decrease productivity. Lack of effective public health preparedness significantly impacts a vulnerable populations like racial minorities and low-income individuals. These populations are likely to suffer because they cannot be protected and receive care in health emergencies.

Using Evidence-Based Public Health (EBPH) To Resolve This Problem.

Evidence-based public health (EBPH) is an approach that uses the best available scientific evidence to inform public health decision-making and practice. Using EBPH can help to resolve the challenges in public health preparedness by improving the quality and effectiveness of public health interventions (Brownson et al., 2017). For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of EBPH helped to inform the development of effective public health strategies to slow the spread of the virus and protect communities. The scientific evidence on the transmission and spread of the virus was used to inform the development of guidelines for physical distancing, wearing masks, and other preventive measures (Sousa-Uva, 2021). Additionally, scientific evidence on the efficacy of different interventions, such as vaccines, was used to inform the development of vaccination strategies. Therefore, relying on the best available scientific evidence will help public health officials quickly identify and implement the most effective interventions to protect the public from health issues.

References

Aarestrup, F. M., Bonten, M., & Koopmans, M. (2021). Pandemics–One Health Preparedness For The Next. 
The Lancet Regional Health-Europe, 
9, 100210.

Brownson, R. C., Baker, E. A., Deshpande, A. D., & Gillespie, K. N. (2017). 
Evidence-Based Public Health. Oxford University Press.

Kost, G. J., Zadran, A., Zadran, L., & Ventura, I. (2019). Point-Of-Care Testing Curriculum and Accreditation for Public Health—Enabling Preparedness, Response, and Higher Standards of Care at Points of Need. 
Frontiers in Public Health, 
6, 385.

Sousa-Uva, A. (2021). Evidence-Based Public Health and the Novel Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19) Pandemic. 
Portuguese Journal of Public Health, 
39(1), 1-2.

Yeager, V. A., Balio, C. P., Mccullough, J. M., Leider, J. P., Orr, J., Singh, S. R., … & Resnick, B. (2022). Funding Public Health: Achievements and Challenges in Public Health Financing Since the Institute Of Medicine’s 2012 Report. 
Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 
28(1), E244-E255.