Please follow all direction using the country on the worksheets
Directions
Your poster presentation should include a title slide, a slide that captures the full view of your poster, slides that “zoom in” to the various sections of your poster, a reference slide, and speaker notes to accompany each, as needed. Additionally, you should refrain from using the first person ( “I”) in order to maintain objectivity and professionalism in your presentation.
Note that all the claims in your presentation should be evidence-based. Your citations should be from your independent research (not from the scenario or textbook) of credible sources and be current within the last five years. Many of the criteria below require a specific number of scholarly sources to substantiate each claim; however, these sources are not mutually exclusive. In other words, you can reference the same source to support multiple, different claims in your presentation. You are required to cite a minimum of ten sources overall. Refer to the Shapiro Library Guide: Nursing—Graduate located in the Start Here section of the course for additional support.
To complete your poster presentation, be sure to include the following elements:
Introduction: Begin by introducing your audience to the selected location and health challenge. Specifically, address the following:
Overview: Provide a brief, evidence-based overview, including a description of the geographic region, its socioeconomic and demographic profile, and the prevalent health concerns within the population.
Purpose and Value: Clearly state the goal of this trip, including a general identification of the intervention that will be proposed. Defend the proposed value of this venture by discussing the extent to which this humanitarian aid trip will promote health equity, human rights, and social justice.
Analysis: In this next section of your presentation, analyze the specific determinants of health that drive the population’s health outcomes. Specifically, address the following:
Resource Availability: Evaluate the impact of resource availability (including water, sanitation, food, and air) as a determinant of health for the population. Provide specific evidence from at least three scholarly sources to support your claims.
Access to Care and Quality of Health Services: Analyze the impacts of access to care and quality of health services on morbidity and mortality for the population. Provide specific evidence from at least three scholarly sources to support your claims.
Cultural Context: Describe how the specific cultural context influences their perceptions of health and disease. How do these perceptions impact health issues and outcomes for the population? Provide specific evidence from at least three scholarly sources to support your claims.
Other Determinants: Identify any other environmental, biological, or social determinants of health relevant for the population. Provide specific evidence from at least three scholarly sources to support your claims.
Evaluation: Building on your analysis, shift your focus to the larger systems and policy landscape. What are the organizational mechanisms that can be leveraged to address the determinants identified in your analysis section? Specifically, address the following:
Policies: Assess the impact of relevant health and nonhealth policies on healthcare access, equity, and social justice. How are the existing policies contributing to negative health outcomes or disparities for the target population? Provide specific evidence from at least three scholarly sources to support your claims.
Systems: Evaluate the impacts of the healthcare infrastructure and systems on healthcare access, equity, and social justice. How are the existing systems contributing to negative health outcomes or disparities for the target population? Provide specific evidence from at least three scholarly sources to support your claims.
Recommendations: Synthesize your analysis and evaluation to develop specific, feasible interventions that could be delivered in a humanitarian aid trip. At this stage, you should focus on your strategy and methods rather than your budget, but know that your funding source is limited. The budget details will be worked out at a later stage upon approval of the concept. Be sure to address the following:
Intervention: Explain the nature and requirements of your intervention. What, specifically, do you propose to do and how would you implement your intervention within the context of a humanitarian aid trip? You do not need a line-item budget for the $100,000 grant, but you should include considerations of overall cost. Be sure to address the following aspects:
How does your intervention address the environmental, biological, and sociocultural aspects discussed in your analysis section? Draw specific connections between your research and your proposed intervention.
How does your intervention address the political and systemic aspects discussed in your evaluation section? Draw specific connections between your research and your proposed intervention.
Social Justice: Defend your recommendation in terms of the extent to which your plan applies social justice and human rights principles. Provide specific evidence from at least three scholarly sources to support your claims.
Strengthen Communities and Reduce Health Disparities: Defend your recommendation in terms of the extent to which your plan will strengthen communities and reduce health disparities for marginalized and vulnerable populations. Provide specific evidence from at least three scholarly sources to support your claims.
Effectiveness and Sustainability: Defend your recommendation in terms of the evidence that supports the effectiveness and sustainability of your plan for the target population. Provide specific evidence from at least three scholarly sources to support your claims.
Module one Project Preparation Worksheet
Precious Teasley
Southern New Hampshire University
IHP-501-Q2461 Global Health and Diversity
22TW2
Professor Esther Johnstone
November 8,2022
Scenario
The Ebola outbreak in West Africa from 2013 to 2015 was the worst ever seen; it mostly hit the three neighboring nations of Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. In terms of cases reported, Sierra Leone was the nation most severely impacted. The current study examines the outbreak in Sierra Leone. The epidemic was deemed a “public health emergency of worldwide concern” by the WHO in August 2014. Ebola spread quickly as a result of early warning systems, and the nation’s health system was unable to handle the enormous number of Cases (Richards, et al. 2020). In total, 14,124 Ebola cases including 3,955 fatalities had been reported to the WHO by March 2016; this was surpassing any other nation.
Population
Even more expensive than it is for adults, the WHO corresponds with the description of the potential Ebola virus in youngsters. For admission, children under the age of five simply need to exhibit one qualifying symptom. In late November 2014, 13/39 (or 33%) of the children admitted to the main hospital for children came back positive for the Ebola virus disease. As ebola virus infection incidence declined, this proportion rose (Fitzgerald, et al. 2016). This means that children could potentially be exposed to the nosocomial ebola virus sickness, and the effect on mortality for frequent diseases like malaria or sepsis is still unknown.
A.
Geographic Region:
i.
Size: the nation’s 71,740 km2 total area is made up of 120 km2 of water and 71,620 km2 of land.
ii.
Location: Guinea borders Sierra Leone to the north and east, Liberia to the south, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west.
iii.
Climate: The area has a tropical climate, with hot, muggy weather at the shore and more temperate weather inland. The mean annual temperature is 26.7°C, and there are 2,746 mm of rain on average per year.
B.
Socioeconomic Profile:
i.
Capital City: Freetown
ii.
Major Districts or Territories: there are Four provinces as well as a western area, which includes the capital Freetown, which makes up Sierra Leone. That is; Western Area, Eastern Province, Northern Province, North Western Province, and Southern Province. There are sixteen administrative districts in Sierra Leone.
iii.
Income Standard: Low-income economies with the least development
iv.
Common Occupations: The primary industry for employment is still mining, although numerous ancillary industries are expanding alongside it.
v.
GDP Estimate: statistics GDP at $4.082 billion, growing at a rate of 3.8% in 2017 and 3.5% in 2018, and a rate of 4.8% in 2019e and 4.9% in 2020f.
vi.
Source of Funding for the Education System: Education system in Sierra Leone is supported by households’ informal donations, taxes, and fees along with the official national budget including off-aid, even though providing access to education is a fundamental responsibility of the state.
vii.
Source of Funding for the Healthcare System: The Sierra Leone Superior Essential Health Care services, as well as the Systems Support Project, is supported by a $20 million financing from Global Financing Facility and a $40 million grant from the Global Development Association (IDA)
Demographic Profile:
Birth
Rate: 4.08 births per woman
ii.
Aging Trends: average annual aging rate is around 1.51%
iii.
Death Rates: 11.483
3.
Prevalent Health Concerns: prevalent health concern of the Ebola virus is the capital city of Sierra Leone, a free town. In addition to the presence
4.
Social Determinants:
The factors in the surroundings where individuals are born, reside, learn, work, play, religion, as well as the age that have an impact on a variety of health, functional, and quality-of-life consequences and hazards are known as social determinants of health (Houéto, 2019).
Education: The country’s efforts to control the population through education have been hampered by community opposition, which has several root reasons. Medical anthropologists have well-documented fears and misconceptions about foreign diseases, as well as addressing the causes of why many people did not accept the existence of Ebola
ii.
Healthcare: The lines between “hot” and “low-risk” zones become hazy whenever a city experiences strenuous and prevalent transmission, as first occurred in Monrovia and afterward later in Freetown
iii.
Economic Stability: Most of the transportation of agricultural products to consumer areas was hampered by the Ebola epidemic. When the outbreak was at its worst, workers shied away from visiting hazardous situations, as well as the number of businesses fell by 20%.
iv.
Inequity: Slums swiftly developed into Ebola hotspots and disease hubs. Shantytown residents who contracted Ebola infected three times as many individuals as those in wealthy neighborhoods.
References
Fitzgerald, F., Awonuga, W., Shah, T., & Youkee, D. (2016). Ebola response in Sierra Leone: The impact on children.
Journal of Infection,
72, S6-S12. DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2016.04.016
Richards, P., Mokuwa, G. A., Vandi, A., Mayhew, S. H., & Ebola Gbalo Research Team. (2020). Re-analysing Ebola spread in Sierra Leone: the importance of local social dynamics.
PloS one,
15(11), e0234823. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234823
Houéto, D. (2019). The social determinants of emerging infectious diseases in Africa.
MOJ Public Health,
8(2), 57-63
1
IHP 501 Module Two Project Preparation Worksheet
Precious Teasley
Southern New Hampshire University
IHP-501-Q2461 Global Health and Diversity
22TW2
Professor Esther Johnstone
November 20 ,2022
1
Worksheet for potential stakeholders that could support your humanitarian aid trip to Sierra Leon
Implementers
Stakeholder/Group
Description
Rationale for Inclusion
International Medical Corps (IMC)
This provides urgent support to those afflicted by conflict, disaster, and disease—regardless of where they are or what their circumstances are—and helps them to heal, rebuild, and acquire the knowledge and tools necessary to become self-sufficient.
In Sierra Leone, International Medical Corps is just one of a few numbers of international non-governmental organizations providing care for people with Ebola. International Medical Corps can assist put a stop to the Ebola epidemic in Sierra Leone and ensure the country’s health care system is resilient enough to prevent future outbreaks. Foreign Medical Corps is hard at work with both local and international partners to strengthen the health system so that individuals may get care for conditions unrelated to Ebola (Mallow et al.,2018).
Agency for International Development
To guarantee that essential socioeconomic and health services are available to people who need them as well and that Sierra Leone is resilient and ready to react appropriately to any public disasters, USAID will closely collaborate with the Government of Sierra Leone and other donors.
Aid from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) in Sierra Leone focuses largely on strengthening institutions that are accountable to and responsive to their constituents; easing rural poverty; promoting sustainable resource management; ensuring access to good health, sanitation, social protection and services; and improving the standard of primary education (Fenio et al.,2019).
Amnesty International
This is a worldwide organization that opposes prejudice and supports human rights, such as the right to adequate health care(Charman,2018).
Amnesty International will promote the adoption of some of the UPR recommendations and draw attention to cases where current laws and policies are violating human rights in Sierra Leone.
Decision Makers
Stakeholder/Group
Brief Description
Rationale for Inclusion
WYA
Their ideal society is one in which everyone is treated with respect and where policies and programs are built around the needs of individuals. In this world, development is achieved through a dedication to human dignity and the implementation of people-centered approaches.
Young people in Sierra Leone may benefit from the organization’s training not just in the prevention of Ebola epidemic but also in the early detection of other health issues. The Alliance has the resources and “language” to reach out to the young people of this country.
UN OCHA
OCHA seeks to rally and cooperate with the wide band of financing instruments, affiliates in order to ensure that humanitarian management and governance mechanisms at the national level are supported, and that the many humanitarian assistance financing mechanisms are coherent to one another and coherent with development finance.
With almost 14,000 incidents, over 3,500 deaths, and roughly 4,051 survivors, Sierra Leone is the worst hit nation by the Ebola virus illness. The country is already marked by multidimensional poverty, a short life expectancy, and a poor human development index (HDI). Sierra Leone was one of many nearby nations to see an increase in cases following the first case was discovered in Guinea early March 2014.
Participants
Stakeholder/Group
Brief Description
Rationale for Inclusion
USAID
The agency’s overseas development and philanthropic projects decreases poverty, bolsters democratic government, saves lives, and assists people in moving past aid.
The key goals of USAID’s aid in Sierra Leone are to enhance the quality of basic school, health care, water and sanitation, social protection, and governance. Other goals include lowering poverty and encouraging sustainable resource management. The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) will collaborate Sierra Leone Government and other donors to make sure that those in greatest need have access to basic social economic and healthcare care and that the country is adaptable and ready to respond sufficiently to future public conflicts.
People In Need
Humanitarian assistance is supplied promptly and individuals are supported to get back to normalcy. More than 30 nations benefit from their organization’s efforts to promote education, aid the most disadvantaged, and back those fighting for human rights. The ideals of solidarity, mutual aid, and humanism.
People In Need have been providing support to assist the Sierra Leone government function more smoothly.
Doctors of the World
They serve anyone in need, no matter where they are or how long they will need care for. They are proud of the reputation they’ve earned for reacting to crises from inside, for reaching out to underserved communities, and for establishing permanent, sustainable medical facilities where society has traditionally lacked them.
Doctors of the World originally arrived in Sierra Leone in 2003 to provide basic healthcare as well as sexual and reproductive health programs.
Partners
Stakeholder/Group
Brief Description
Rationale for Inclusion
Friends of UNFPA
This is a nonprofit organization whose mission is to enhance women and girls lives around the globe by raising awareness and funds for UNFPA, the United Nations agency responsible for reproductive health and rights. The organization works in more than 155 countries to reduce the lack of access to family planning, maternal mortality, and violence against women and girls.
The maternal mortality rate in Sierra Leone has dropped dramatically despite the country’s recent civil war. Unfortunately, a significant number of maternal fatalities still result from teen pregnancies. UNFPA has been working in the nation since 1971, promoting midwifery programs, improved emergency obstetric and infant care, and the efficient administration of reproductive health commodities as means of bettering reproductive health care.
People In Need
Humanitarian aid is provided immediately, and people are helped to get back on their feet. They help people in over 30 different nations get an education, aid the impoverished and underprivileged, and support those who fight for human rights. Humanism, a commitment to helping others, and solidarity are all fundamental values.
This organization has been assisting in the strengthening of the Sierra Leone government.
Doctor of the World
In times of crisis or on an ongoing basis, they are there to provide medical care to anyone in need, regardless of where they may be. To them, it is a source of pride to respond to crises within, to reach out to marginalized communities, and to build long-term, sustainable health care in places that mainstream society would rather overlook.
In 2003, Doctors of the World started providing basic care and reproductive health and sexual health programming in Sierra Leone. A purpose-built treatment center that we established and managed in Moyamba was important in stemming the latest Ebola epidemic..
References
Charman, T. (2018). Sexual violence or torture?: The framing of sexual violence against men in armed conflict in Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch reports. In Sexual violence against men in Global Politics (pp. 198-210). Routledge.
Danquah, L. O., Hasham, N., MacFarlane, M., Conteh, F. E., Momoh, F., Tedesco, A. A., … & Weiss, H. A. (2019). Use of a mobile application for Ebola contact tracing and monitoring in northern Sierra Leone: a proof-of-concept study. BMC infectious diseases, 19(1), 1-12.
Elston, J. W. T., Moosa, A. J., Moses, F., Walker, G., Dotta, N., Waldman, R. J., & Wright, J. (2016). Impact of the Ebola outbreak on health systems and population health in Sierra Leone. Journal of Public Health, 38(4), 673-678.
Fenio, K., M’Cormack-Hale, F., McGuinness, E., Hanciles, E., & Grant, A. K. (2019). USAID/SIERRA LEONE WOMEN EMPOWERED FOR LEADERSHIP AND DEVELOPMENT (WELD) PROJECT PERFORMANCE EVALUATION.
Forestier, C., Cox, A. T., & Horne, S. (2016). Coordination and relationships between organisations during the civil–military international response against Ebola in Sierra Leone: an observational discussion. BMJ Military Health, 162(3), 156-162.
Mallow, M., Gary, L., Jeng, T., Bongomin Jr, B., Aschkenasy, M. T., Wallis, P., … & Levine, A. C. (2018). WASH activities at two Ebola treatment units in Sierra Leone. Plos one, 13(5), e0198235.
IHP 501 Module Three Project Preparation Worksheet
Precious Teasley
Southern New Hampshire University
IHP-501-Q2461 Global Health and Diversity
22TW2
Professor Esther Johnstone
November 27,2022
Complete this worksheet by replacing the bracketed text with the relevant information. If needed, you can expand the outline to itemize your responses underneath the indicated topics.
Health Challenge Analysis
Clinical Presentation: [It is believed that the virus comes from consuming non-primate meats (e.g. chimpanzees and monkeys). It is transmitted through bodily fluid contacts such as saliva, urine and breast milk. Symptoms include vomiting, fever, aches, loss of appetite, fatigue and sore throat.]
Prevalence
Populations at Risk: [The most affected groups are women and girls. Also, most cases reported were from rural areas.]
Morbidity and Mortality: [Case fatality rates vary between 25% and 90% (Rugarabamu et al., 2020). On average, half of those who contract the disease probably die.]
Prevalent Trends: [. Most cases emerge from Africa, and the most affected groups are those that eat bush meat. Analysis of the virus from 1976 to 2019 shows a linear rate of change with time (Rugarabamu et al., 2020).]
Inequities
i. Socioeconomic Groups: [First, poverty and unemployment, which forces people to hunt for bush meat, contribute to the disease.]
Race/Ethnicity: [So far, most of the affected countries are from Africa, but it is not yet clear whether certain races are more exposed than others.]
Gender: [Gender is another factor with women at a higher risk because most care for patients with the virus (
New Ebola outbreak hits women and girls hardest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2018).]
Other: [Regarding age, children are most vulnerable to the virus. Also, people within rural areas are at risk of the disease, and it can be further argued that high illiteracy levels can contribute to Ebola risks.]
Other Determinants of Health
Environmental: [The Ebola virus is transmitted via the air (water, soil). Therefore, exposure to contaminated air can trigger the virus.]
Biological: [The biological means through which the Ebola virus spread is when human beings directly interact with wildlife.]
Policy Evaluation: [One of the policies undertaken by the Sierra Leone government is declaring that hiding Ebola patients is illegal. This law was created to prevent a scenario where the residents hid Ebola patients, and that contributed to further Ebola Virus spread. This policy is effective because it will encourage people to take infected persons to treatment centers.]
References
The new ebola outbreak hits women and girls hardest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. United Nations Population Fund. (2018). Retrieved November 22, 2022, from https://www.unfpa.org/news/new-ebola-outbreak-hits-women-and-girls-hardest-democratic-republic-congo#:~:text=The%20most%20vulnerable,them%20are%20of%20reproductive%20age
Rugarabamu, S., Mboera, L., Rweyemamu, M., Mwanyika, G., Lutwama, J., Paweska, J., & Misinzo, G. (2020). Forty-two years of responding to ebola virus outbreaks in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review.
BMJ Global Health,
5(3). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001955
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IHP 501 Module Eight Activity Worksheet
Precious Teasley
Southern New Hampshire University
IHP-501-Q2461 Global Health and Diversity
22TW2
Professor Esther Johnstone
January 7, 2023
Complete this worksheet by replacing the bracketed text with the relevant information. The purpose of this worksheet is to structure your submission to cover each of the relevant topics where the substance of your response is the focus instead of academic formatting. Your responses should be in paragraph format and comprehensively address all the directions and questions in the prompt.
Your Role: [case manager]
United States of America
Function
The main function of a case manager is to
serve as a patient advocate and guide and coordinate care for patients their families and even care givers
Preparation
There are several skills that are needed for a case manager with the most important one being communication. The manager also needs to have conflict resolution skills as conflicts are a common in this fled. With the changes taking place around the world, they will also need to acquire computer and technology skills.
Cultural Competence
Healthcare filed is one of the most diverse filed and there is a lot of daily interactions with different people. for this reason, the major cultural competence that is needed by a case manager in this case is speaking in language through which most of the patients they are dealing with can be able to understand.
[Country A—SIERRA LEONE.]
Function
serve as a patient advocate and guide and coordinate care for patients their families and even care givers
Preparation
The nation is full of people from different nations and different cultures. For this reason, one of the best preparations that can be done in this case is that of learning different languages that are relevant so as to be able to speak to as many as possible when dealing with different cases.
Cultural Competence
One of the most important aspect that needs to be embraced in this nation is that of managing the dynamics of difference that exist in the nation. this is of great importance when it comes to a nation that is so diverse and one where the case manager interacts with different people who have different cultures on a daily basis.
[Country B—SOUTH AFRICA]
Function
Serve as a patient advocate and guide and coordinate care for patients their families and even care givers
Preparation
As stated earlier, communication is very key for a case manager. For this reason, in a nation where the culture is completely different, the best preparation that should be done is to prepare is to adapt to diversity and the cultural contexts of communities they serve.
Cultural Competence
The cultural competence that needs to be taken in this case is to thoroughly analyze the culture that people are following in the nation and adapt to it as much as possible. this helps the case manager to be able to understand what is expected of them and even help their clients in a better manner.
Comparison
From the context given above, it is very clear that the role of a case manager is always the same regardless of the nation that they are working with. It is also evident that communication is of key importance in all of the nations and the case manager needs to connect with every client regardless of their culture. However, the major difference in the three nations is that the cultural competencies needed will always vary depending on the nation which the case manager is working in.
References
Sutherland, D., & Hayter, M. (2009). Structured review: evaluating the effectiveness of nurse case managers in improving health outcomes in three major chronic diseases.
Journal of clinical nursing,
18(21), 2978-2992.
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IHP 501 Module Five Project Preparations Worksheet
Precious Teasley
Southern New Hampshire University
IHP-501-Q2461 Global Health and Diversity
22TW2
Professor Esther Johnstone
December 6,2022
Complete this worksheet by replacing the bracketed text with the relevant information
.
Analysis Table
|
Other Health Challenge #1: Maternal Health |
Other Health Challenge #2: Mental Health |
Other Health Challenge #3: Nutrition |
|
|
Incidence |
The maternal mortality rate in Sierra Leone is one of the highest in the world at 1,360 per 100,000 live births. (Trani et al.,2011). . |
Many people in Sierra Leone have suffered trauma, which has been linked to poor mental well-being. The ten-year civil war that concluded in 2002, the Ebola epidemic that began in 2014, and the devastating mudslide that occurred in August 2017 due to heavy rains are just a few examples. Drug abuse problems, notably marijuana and tramadol, are on the rise, and alcohol consumption is much greater than the area norm (Harris et al., 2020). |
Nearly half a million children under the age of five are stunted, and another 30,000 are malnourished and in danger of dying soon because of poor food and the prevalence of preventable childhood diseases. (Keeley, Little and Zuehlke, 2019). |
|
Prevalence |
With 1,360 maternal deaths for every 100,000 births, Sierra Leone has the highest maternal mortality rate in the world. (Trani et al.,2011). |
After the end of the civil conflict in 2002, a survey conducted by the Ministry of Health and Sanitation found that the prevalence rates for various mental health disorders were as follows: 2 percent for psychosis, 4 percent for depression, 4 percent for severe substance abuse, 1 percent for mental retardation, and 1 percent for epilepsy. The civil war that raged from 1991 to 2002, economic difficulties, gender-based violence, poor health outcomes (such as high rates of maternal and infant mortality), and the current Ebola outbreak are all factors that may have contributed to the country’s high proportion of mental health disorders [12–16]. There was a treatment gap of 98.0 percent in 2009, as just 2058 of an anticipated 102 000 patients with serious mental illness got help. The Sierra Leone Psychiatric Hospital in Freetown was the country’s only hospital for treating MOHS until very recently. |
The regional average for obesity is 20.7 per cent for women and 9.2 percent for men. However, the rates in Sierra Leone are lower. However, 7.6 percent of adult women and 8.3 percent of adult males are predicted to have diabetes. (Maust et al.,2015). . |
|
Presentation |
Premature death, defined as dying before 70, affects around 63 percent of Sierra Leoneans (Trani et al.,2011). |
The WHO estimates that 10% of Sierra Leoneans deal with mental health issues daily. There may be many more incidents that have not been reported to authorities. As a consequence of severe poverty, “daily hardships and misery can turn into what scientists call “toxic stress” and trigger or amplify mental health problems,” as one author puts it. There has been a long history of inadequate political attention to mental health issues in Sierra Leone. (Jalloh et al.,2018). |
More than half, that is 57 percent , of all deaths in children under five in Sierra Leone can be attributed to malnutrition. Still, the country’s health ministry and government officials have begun working to reduce this horrifying statistic by signing the Nutrition for Growth agreement and becoming part of the Scaling Up Nutrition initiative. |
|
Social Determinants |
Transportation, housing, and education are all examples of social determinants of health (SDOH) that may affect individual and population health. Differentiating SDOH using Z Codes may enhance the precision of therapy and healthcare access. |
Family conflict, difficulty to purchase essentials, and the breakdown of a marriage or partnership are the three causes of psychological suffering. Indicators of men’s psychological suffering included poor physical condition, financial difficulties, and illiteracy. Incapability to afford basic requirements, poor health, the termination of a marriage or partnership, and family conflict were predictors for women. The research reveals that initiatives aimed at increasing income-generating and job possibilities, improving access to education, and strengthening families have the potential to improve mental health in Sierra Leone. |
Cultural beliefs, traditions and taboos hinder the supply and consumption of certain nutritious foods that might otherwise aid in enhancing the nutritional intake of young children, even though food poverty is believed to be the greatest obstacle to dietary variety throughout the nine-month-long rainy season. |
|
Inequities |
Women in higher-income families, those with higher levels of education, and those living in metropolitan areas tend to get preferential treatment from the healthcare system. While delivery service disparities have narrowed over time, they remain considerable. |
The Sierra Leone Psychiatric Hospital is the only in-patient institution in the country and can only accommodate up to 150 patients at once (Horn, 2021). Aside from the widespread negative connotation attached to SLPH, the disorder is also notoriously underfunded, understaffed, lacking essential infrastructure, and often short on necessary medications. |
Malnutrition in Sierra Leone is a relatively new health issue brought to light by the country’s recent civil war. One of the country’s most ignored problems is hunger. |
|
Programs, Policies, or Legislation |
The goal of the Sierra Leonean government’s National Reproductive, Maternal, and Adolescent Health (RMNCAH) strategy is to reduce maternal mortality to 650 per 100,000 live births, neonatal mortality to 23 per 1,000 live births, and under-five mortality to 71 per 1,000. (SOPs) |
The Office of Population and Reproductive Health at USAID sponsored and oversaw the Advancing Partners initiative, which the MOHS collaborated with for two years. The Ministry of Health and Sanitation (MOHS) framework is being put to use in Sierra Leone to help the government execute health services as part of the country’s ongoing post-Ebola recovery efforts. Through raising public awareness, preparing healthcare professionals to provide excellent treatment, and strengthening mental health governance, the initiative is helping to manage mental health in the community better. |
UNICEF will help the country’s young children eat healthier by bolstering the quality of essential nutrition services at the facility and community levels and better integrating nutrition programs into the country’s broader health infrastructure. |
|
Other |
Malaria is the single most lethal communicable illness in Sierra Leone, responsible for 38 percent of all hospital admissions. There are around three new tuberculosis cases per year for every one thousand individuals, making it another major public health concern. |
In the past, Sierra Leone did not prioritize its citizens’ mental health. Unemployment persists, and as a result, the country’s economic situation remains dire. Its 11-year civil conflict left the country devastated, and an Ebola epidemic in 2014 only worsened things. Many individuals in our nation are still reeling from the effects of their history. That pain was ignored for a very long time. Nonetheless, the World Health Organization and the Ministry of Health and Sanitation have made significant strides in improving mental health in Sierra Leone (Horn, 2021). |
The life expectancy in Sierra Leone is among the lowest in the world. Sierra Leone had a 54.3-year median life expectancy in 2018. Accordingly, the country is ranked in the worst five globally. The average lifespan throughout the globe is 72.6 years, by contrast. |
Connections Section
Other Health Challenge #1: Maternal Health
In Sierra Leone, infectious illnesses are the primary cause of mortality and sickness, with malaria being the single most lethal, accounting for 38 percent of all hospitalizations. Tuberculosis is another major public health issue, with around three new cases per 1000 individuals yearly. (Trani et al.,2011).
Other Health Challenge #2: Mental Health
In the past, Sierra Leone did not prioritize its citizens’ mental health. Unemployment persists, and as a result, the country’s economic situation remains dire. Its 11-year civil conflict left the country devastated, and an Ebola epidemic in 2014 only worsened things. Many individuals in our nation are still reeling from the effects of their history. That pain was ignored for a very long time. Nonetheless, the World Health Organization and the Ministry of Health and Sanitation have significantly improved mental health in Sierra Leone (Horn, 2021).
Other Health Challenge #3: Nutrition
Life expectancy in Sierra Leone is quite low. The national life expectancy average in Sierra Leone in 2018 was 54 years and three months. That ranks the country in the lowest five in the whole globe. In contrast, the average lifespan throughout the globe is just 72.6 years. (Keeley, Little and Zuehlke, 2019).
References
Maust, A., Koroma, A. S., Abla, C., Molokwu, N., Ryan, K. N., Singh, L., & Manary,M. J. (2015). Severe and moderate acute malnutrition can be successfully managed with an integrated protocol in Sierra Leone.
The Journal of Nutrition, 145(11),
2604-2409. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.115.214957 Richard, P., Amara, J., Ferme, M. C., Kamara, P., Mokuwa, E., Sheriff, A. I., Suluku, R., & Voors, M. (2015). Social pathways for Ebola virus disease in rural Sierra Leone, and some implications for containment.
PloS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 9(4), 1-15.doi:10.1371/ journal.pntd.0003567
Trani, J-F., Browne, J., Kett, M., Bah, O., Morlai, T., Bailey, N., & Groce, N.
(2011). Access to health care, reproductive health and disability: A large scale survey in
Sierra Leone.
Social Science & Medicine, 73(10), 1477-1489.
doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.08.040.
United Nations Children’s Fund. (2019).
The state of the world’s children 2019: Children, food
and nutrition: Growing well in a changing world. UNICEF.
https://www.unicef.org/media/60826/file/SOWC-2019-EAP
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IHP 501 Module Six Project Preparation Worksheet
Precious Teasley
Southern New Hampshire University
IHP-501-Q2461 Global Health and Diversity
22TW2
Professor Esther Johnstone
December 14, 2022
|
Elements |
Conventional Intervention |
CIH Intervention |
|
Vision: Description |
Aggressive Supportive Medical Care is an intervention that is aimed at screening people for the possibility of Ebola and thus putting them on an early treatment plan. |
|
|
Vision: Purpose |
Detection and response to early infections of Ebola just before they physically show signs will help reduce acute responses. This way, the mortality rates will be reduced as the victims are put on immediate medical attention hence suppressing the effects. |
Reduce the rate at which future outbreaks of the Ebola virus can be transmitted between persons when they are exposed to infected victims. |
|
Vision: Rationale |
This intervention is safer in terms of the victims and the healthcare providers. Handling patients who are at acute effects of Ebola increases the chances of transmission to the health care providers. However, for victims detected early enough, early prevention makes them more likely to survive thus reducing the mortality rate. |
Since Ebola is spread even during contact, very many people including health workers are infected too. Through the use of this intervention, there will be a reduced rate of infections as the victims will be handled in isolation, and measures to protect the healthcare givers highly implemented. |
|
Implementation: Personnel Required |
Ambulance operators, drivers, laboratory technicians, doctors, nurses, cooks, first aiders, security, and counselors. |
Ambulance operators, drivers, laboratory technicians, doctors, nurses, cooks, first aiders, security, and counselors. |
|
Implementation: Supplies and Other Technical Requirements |
PPE – Gloves, Solid-front wrap-around gowns, Surgical mask, Eye protection A Class II biosafety cabinet (BSC) Secondary container for specimen transportation, vacutainer tube, blood culture instruments, medicines |
PPE – Gloves, Solid-front wrap-around gowns, Surgical mask, Eye protection A Class II biosafety cabinet (BSC) Secondary container for specimen transportation, vacutainer tube, blood culture instruments, and Medicines. |
|
Implementation: Cost |
$250,000 |
$350,000 |
References
Fischer, W. A., Crozier, I., Bausch, D. G., Muyembe, J. J., Mulangu, S., Diaz, J. V., … & Jacob, S. T. (2019). Shifting the paradigm—applying universal standards of care to Ebola virus disease.
New England Journal of Medicine,
380(15), 1389-1391.
Lamontagne, F., Clément, C., Kojan, R., Godin, M., Kabuni, P., & Fowler, R. A. (2019). The evolution of supportive care for Ebola virus disease.
The Lancet,
393(10172), 620-621.
World Health Organization. (2018).
Improving infection prevention and control at the health facility: interim practical manual supporting implementation of the WHO guidelines on core components of infection prevention and control programmes (No. WHO/HIS/SDS/2018.10). World Health Organization.
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IHP 501 Module Four Project Preparation Worksheet
Precious Teasley
Southern New Hampshire University
IHP-501-Q2461 Global Health and Diversity
22TW2
Professor Esther Johnstone
December 2,2022
Complete this worksheet by replacing the bracketed text with the relevant information. The purpose of this worksheet is to structure your submission to cover each of the relevant topics where the substance of your response is the focus instead of academic formatting. Feel free to outline or use bullets in your responses as needed.
Ethnicity
About 16 distinct ethnic groups and their languages coexist in Sierra Leone. In Sierra Leone, it’s common for people to identify with a particular ethnicity and religion. People of a specific ethnicity are those who consider themselves to be part of a particular cultural group. One’s ethnic identity is formed via shared experiences with those who share one’s linguistic and cultural backgrounds and common ancestry. “ethnicity” means a collection of people with a common cultural background. One’s sense of ethnic identity is founded on shared linguistic and cultural backgrounds, histories, and customs. The Temne are the largest single ethnic group in Sierra Leone, making up approximately 35.5 percent of the population (Gohdes, 2010).Most Temne live in and around Freetown, the capital of Sierra Leone, and the Northern Province. The fundamental dwelling unit is the family, whether led by a man or a woman. Families (husband, wife(s), and children) form the backbone of most houses. For example, some families consist of many people (a father and son or two siblings) who are married to one other, while others have other, more distant relatives or even strangers living with them. The head of the household mediates arguments, conducts moot courts to settle family conflicts, and acts as the family’s representative in village matters.
Stakes
Despite these persistent challenges, many people and organizations have worked to lessen poverty in Sierra Leone. In 2010, Sierra Leone initiated a free healthcare program called the Free Healthcare Initiative (FHCI). This program ensures that expectant mothers, new moms, and early infants have access to essential medical care to lower infant mortality rates. Sierra Leone is falling behind other countries in understanding citizens’ rights and duties because of a lack of financing for educational initiatives. This adds to the already existing disparity between the sexes and further pushes women to the margins of society. The difficulty of entering the labor force and the societal conception of women as servants to men are both results of gender inequality. This thinking obstructs progress for Sierra Leone in a global community that places a premium on girls’ education and gender equality.
Meaning of Illness
Due to a lack of knowledge, many people may not recognize the seriousness of a disease (McNamara, 2016). The high rates of death and morbidity may be attributed, in part, to the lack of healthcare and related resources.
Social Stressors
In this context, “social stressors” refers to any socially-related activity or event contributing to physiological or emotional distress. More stressful environments have been linked to a lower chance of receiving proper medical treatment. Healthcare system participation is influenced by various variables, including respondents’ financial stability and individual personalities. Changes in population structure and economic circumstances have substantial effects on healthcare use. Many of the issues identified at the individual, family, and societal levels might be traced back to poverty and the inability to produce an income. Improving the standard of living for the people of Sierra Leone would likely need measures taken to address livelihoods, as well as infrastructural improvements and the elimination of detrimental gender stereotypes that affect both men and women.
Impacts
The prevention of more serious mental health difficulties and the promotion of national productivity might result from a thorough assessment of the challenges faced by the people of Sierra Leone and the inter-sectoral actions within the country that aim to meet those challenges (Bangura, 2016). As a result, mental health must be integrated into a wide variety of linked policy areas, requiring collaboration between government agencies, NGOs, private sector organizations, social institutions, and community and volunteer groups.
References
Bangura, J. B. (2016). Hope in the midst of death: Charismatic spirituality, healing evangelists and the Ebola crisis in Sierra Leone. Missionalia, 44(1), 2-18.
Gohdes, A. (2010). Different convenience samples, different stories: The case of Sierra Leone. Benetech Human Rights Data Analysis Group.
McNamara, L. A. (2016). Ebola Surveillance—Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. MMWR supplements, 65.
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