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DSM 5 TR write-up # 2
Bipolar I disorder
Bipolar I Disorder is a serious and complex mental health condition characterized by a profound impact on the life of patients. According to (APA 2013 pg 123), Bipolar I Disorder is a mental health condition characterized by periods of elevated or irritable mood, increased energy and activity levels (mania or hypomania), and episodes of depression. The hallmark symptoms of Bipolar I Disorder are alternating episodes of mania and depression, which can be severe and disruptive. The manic episodes are characterized by “abnormally elevated or irritable mood, increased energy, decreased need for sleep, racing thoughts, and impulsive or reckless behavior” (Jain & Mitra, 2022). This can result in significant difficulties with daily functioning, including work, school, and relationships. To make a correct diagnosis of Bipolar I Disorder, a mental health professional must conduct a thorough examination and assessment (Jain & Mitra, 2022). The DSM-5-TR lays forth detailed diagnostic requirements, such as the severity and length of the manic or mixed episode and the absence of possible alternative explanations for the symptoms. The person must be severely impaired in their day-to-day functioning and experiencing considerable suffering due to their symptoms.
Treatment for Bipolar I Disorder typically involves a combination of psychopharmacology, psychotherapy, and psychoeducation. Mood-stabilizing drugs like lithium or anticonvulsants are commonly used in the therapy of Bipolar I Disorder, alongside antipsychotic drugs for treating psychotic episodes. Psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), can be useful in treating the disease and increasing coping skills in addition to medication use. Treatment for Bipolar I Disorder often includes psychoeducation for the patient and their loved ones. An efficient treatment plan may be developed with the help of a psychiatrist, a psychologist, and other medical experts by using a multidisciplinary approach.
In summation, Bipolar I Disorder is a complex and challenging mental health condition that requires comprehensive assessment and treatment. With appropriate care and support, individuals with Bipolar I Disorder can lead fulfilling and productive lives.
Bipolar II disorder
Bipolar Disorder Type II is bipolar disorder characterized by periods of depression and hypomania. Unlike other types of bipolar disorder, Bipolar Disorder Type II is not characterized by full-blown mania (APA 2013 pg 145). Medication to stabilize mood and talk therapy are the mainstays of care for this illness. Mood-stabilizing drugs like lithium and anticonvulsants are prescribed to patients with bipolar disorder and other mood disorders to reduce the severity of mood swings and prevent further episodes of depression and mania. Antidepressants can be helpful in relieving depressive episodes, but they should be taken cautiously due to the risk of bringing on hypomanic or manic episodes.
This disorder treatment involves both pharmaceutical and psychotherapeutic components. The psychotherapeutic method known as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) has been demonstrated to help reduce symptoms and enhance coping mechanisms. Individuals can benefit from CBT by learning to recognize and alter unhelpful thinking patterns, create coping mechanisms for stress and mood swings, and enhance their emotional well-being. Psychoeducation is an integral part of the healing process. This comprises providing information and support to individuals diagnosed with Bipolar Disorder Type II and their loved ones. A better public knowledge of the ailment and its treatment may also result in more people being willing to assist.
To sum up, a comprehensive treatment plan may be developed with the help of a psychiatrist, psychologist, and other medical experts. Although Bipolar Disorder Type II is difficult to manage, it is possible with the right care and support. Individuals with Bipolar Disorder Type II can benefit from mood-stabilizing drugs and psychotherapy, and psychoeducation to better manage their symptoms, reduce their risk of recurrent episodes, and enhance their quality of life.
Obsessive –Compulsive Disorder
There are millions of individuals all over the globe who suffer from OCD. The presence of intrusive, repetitive thoughts or obsessions and repetitive behaviors or compulsions characterizes it. As a consequence of their obsessive thinking, a person with OCD may suffer significant worry and dread, which, in turn, may prompt them to engage in compulsive activities to cope with their distress (Fineberg et al., 2020). the compulsions usually only give short-term comfort before they cause even more trouble and get in the way of everyday living.
Obsessions with OCD can take many forms, including excessive worries about germs or contamination, fear of harming oneself or others, intrusive thoughts about sex or blasphemy, or the need for symmetry or exactness in one’s environment. Compulsions are repetitive actions carried out to reduce the distress brought on by obsessive thoughts. An overabundance of hand-washing or cleaning, an obsession with numbers or order, a need to repeat certain phrases or words, or a need to check locks or appliances many times are all examples of compulsions.
Although the root cause of OCD has yet to be identified, studies have pointed to the potential involvement of genetic, environmental, and neurological variables. Serotonin, a neurotransmitter in the brain, may be unbalanced in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Some people develop OCD after experiencing traumatic or stressful life situations.
Combining psychotherapy with pharmaceuticals is the standard approach to treating the obsessive-compulsive disorder. Exposure and response prevention (ERP) is a subset of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) that has shown promise in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Through cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), a person with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) may learn to confront their obsessions and control their compulsions. By raising serotonin levels in the brain, medications like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may be helpful in alleviating OCD symptoms.
Dissociative Identity Disorder
DID previously is a complex and controversial mental health condition characterized by “the presence of two or more distinct personality states or identities that take control of an individual’s behavior” (Reinders, et al., 2019). People with DID may experience gaps in their memory and have difficulty recalling personal information or events that occurred while they were in a different personality state. DID is thought to develop as a coping mechanism for individuals who have experienced severe trauma, such as abuse or neglect, during childhood.
Difficulty identifying and responding to symptoms is a common problem for people with a dissociative identity disorder. Because of this, the person with DID may have the impression that they are watching themselves from the outside, and their behaviors may look illogical or contradictory to others. Depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder are just some of the co-occurring mental health problems that may occur with DID (Reinders, et al., 2019). Diagnosis of DID can be challenging, as the symptoms of the condition can overlap with other mental health conditions and may be misinterpreted as evidence of a personality disorder or psychotic illness. The diagnosis of DID typically involves a comprehensive evaluation by a mental health professional, including a thorough history and examination of symptoms.
Psychotherapy and other forms of talk therapy are often used in DID treatment because of their potential to aid patients in resolving painful memories, bringing together their many personas, and building resilience. Medications like anti-anxiety or anti-depressant drugs may be provided to aid with symptom management as well.
References
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). DSM 5. American Psychiatric Association.
Fineberg, N. A., Van Ameringen, M., Drummond, L., Hollander, E., Stein, D. J., Geller, D., … & Dell’Osso, B. (2020). How to manage obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) under COVID-19: A clinician’s guide from the International College of Obsessive Compulsive Spectrum Disorders (ICOCS) and the Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders Research Network (OCRN) of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. Comprehensive psychiatry, 100, 152174.
Jain, A., & Mitra, P. (2022). Bipolar affective disorder. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing.
Reinders, A. A., Marquand, A. F., Schlumpf, Y. R., Chalavi, S., Vissia, E. M., Nijenhuis, E. R., … & Veltman, D. J. (2019). Aiding the diagnosis of dissociative identity disorder: pattern recognition study of brain biomarkers. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 215(3), 536-544.
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